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White CouncilIn the fiction of J. R. R. Tolkien, the White Council, or Council of the Wise, was a group of Elves and Wizards of Middle-earth, formed during the Third Age to contest the growing power of Dol Guldur. The Council's head was the Wizard Saruman. Other members of the Council included Gandalf the Grey, Galadriel, Cirdan the Shipwright, Elrond Half-Elven, and Radagast the Brown. Gandalf was later captured by Saruman who had turned evil External links Other uses Especially after the Second World War, there were in various parts of the United States (primarily the Southern states) assorted organizations called variously, White Citizen's Councils or something similar. They were created to stop or retard racial integration efforts in schools, public accommodations, etc. Many had connections (eg, common members) with more or less underground advocates of illegal action (including threat, physical attack, and even murder). In those cases the Councils served as an overt, legal, front. Similar movements with similar names were present in other places, as for instance South Africa during the aparthied period.
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