wavefunction

In the most restricted usage in quantum mechanics, the wavefunction associated with a particle such as an electron, is a complex-valued square integrable function ψ defined over a portion of space normalized in such a way that

\int |\psi(x)|^2 dx = 1. \quad

In Max Born's probabilistic interpretation of the wavefunction, the amplitude squared of the wavefunction |ψ(x)|² is the probability density of the particle's position. Thus the probability of finding the particle in a region A of space is

\operatorname{Pr}(A) = \int_A |\psi(x)|^2 dx. \quad

In the mathematical formulation of quantum mechanics, the state of any system is represented by an object called a ket, which is an element of an abstract mathematical structure called a Hilbert space. For isolated systems, the dynamics (or time evolution) of the system can be described by a one-parameter group of unitary operators. In a wide class of systems this Hilbert space of kets has one or more realizations as a space of complex-valued functions on some space; in this case we refer to these functions as wavefunctions. However, a priori, there is no preferred representation as a Hilbert space of functions. Moreover, in some of these representations the time evolution of the system has the form of a partial differential equation, namely Schrdinger's equation.

Wavefunction representations

An orthonormal basis {e_i}_i in a Hilbert space H provides a representation of elements of H by finite or countable vectors of abstract Fourier coefficients

\hat{\psi}_i = \langle e_i | \psi \rangle

Any separable Hilbert space has an orthonormal basis; these bases are not unique however. Nevertheless, for some physical systems there are certain orthornormal bases which have a natural physical interpretation. This fact justifies commonly used expressions regarding quantum states such as they exist in a superposition of basis states, meaning exactly that each state can be represented as a possibly infinite linear combination

\psi = \sum \hat{\psi}_i e_i .

In fact, there is a far-reaching generalization of an orthonormal representation, which gives an analogous representation with respect to what we could loosely call a continuously indexed orthonormal basis of a Hilbert space. In this representation, ket vectors are represented by functions on the continuous index set and the inner product of the Hilbert space corresponds to the integral of the product of two wavefunctions. In mathematical terms, such continuous orthonormal bases are referred to as diagonalizations, because mathematically they correspond to representing certain commutative algebras of operators as algebras of multiplication operators. The technical details of how this diagonalization is carried out is beyond the scope of this article, but it generalizes the result of linear algebra that a commutative algebra of operators closed under operator adjoint is diagonalized in some orthonormal basis. Two common diagonalizations used in quantum mechanics are the configuration (position) space representation (which diagonalizes the position operators) and the momentum space representation (which diagonalizes the momentum operators). These are also called by physicists the 'r-space representation' and the 'k-space representation', respectively. Due to the commutation relationship of the position and momentum operators, for a system of spinless particles in Euclidean space the r-space and k-space wavefunctions are Fourier transform pairs. The precise formulation of this last statement is rather subtle and is called the Stone-von Neumann theorem in the mathematical physics literature. A more general diagonalization in which ket vectors are represented by Hilbert space valued functions on some space occurs naturally, for example, those which involve half-integer spin or systems in which the number of particles or quanta is variable, for example, most of nonlinear quantum optics or atom optics, and any treated by quantum electrodynamics or other quantized-field theories. This diagonal representation is usually called a direct integral of Hilbert spaces.

If the energy spectrum of a system is (partly) discrete, such as for a particle in an infinite potential well or the bound states of the hydrogen atom, then the position representation is continuous while the momentum representation is partly discrete. Wave mechanics are most often used when the number of particles is relatively small and knowledge of spatial configuration or 'shape' is important.

Because the wavefunction relative to the configuration representation has a (comparatively) simple interpretation as a probability in configuration space, many introductory treatments of quantum mechanics are very much wave mechanical. Wave mechanics also dominated many of the more popular older standard textbooks, such as Messiah's Mecanique Quantique. Hence the term wavefunction is sometimes used as a colloquialism for "state vector". This use, however, is deprecated; not only are there systems which cannot be represented by wavefunctions, but the term wavefunction also leads to the belief that there is wave propagation in some medium.

Wavefunction

Wavefunction representations

See also