valencian

This page deals with language. For other uses of 'Valencian', see Valencia (disambiguation). There is consensus amongst linguists that Valencian is the name for the Catalan language which is spoken in the Autonomous Community of Valencia, Spain. It is thus the official name for one of two co-official languages declared in the Valencian Statute of Autonomy: Valencian (Catalan) and Castilian (Spanish). The word is also used to refer to the dialect of this territory to differentiate it from Catalan language as a whole, or from the Catalan of Barcelona. In this sense it can be considered a sub-dialect of the Western Catalan variety, which also includes the varieties of the Aragonese Fringe, Andorra, Lleida province and most of Tarragona province. Note that, for many in the Valencian Community, the use of the term is a statement of belief in the idea that there is a language called Valencian which is quite separate from Catalan. This belief, which is not supported by linguistic fact, derives from political viewpoints that rightly or wrongly see Catalonia as an overbearing or even imperialistic force.

History and status of Valencian

Catalan was brought to the territories that became the Kingdom of Valencia during the Reconquista. Whilst Castile moved south conquering New Castile and Andalusia, the Aragonese and Catalan settlers from the Crown of Aragon came and conquered Valencia. Most of these settlers came from South-West Catalonia, and to this day Valencian is almost indistinguishable from the dialect of these people. Since Valencian is the same language as Catalan, both names can be used almost interchangeably, with "Catalan" emphasising the pan-Catalan nature of the language, and "Valencian" emphasising local features. The choice to use one name or the other is more a matter of politics than anything else. Maria Josep Cuenca, lecturer at the Department of Catalan Language Studies (note the name) of the University of Valencia, in her book El valenci s una llengua diferent? (ISBN 84-8131-452-8), notes that the number of people identifying with their Autonomous Community rather than with Spain is actually greater in Castile-La Mancha than in the Valencian Community. This is perhaps surprising in a region that is supposed to be one of the pasos catalans or Catalan countries. There is obviously a complicated mixture of feelings of belonging due to various historical events, and the result is that Catalan in Valencia is normally called "Valencian" and is often held to be a separate language, whereas in the Balearic Islands, Aragonese Fringe, Andorra, Alghero and Roussillon the local dialects are at least as different from the speech of Barcelona as Valencian is, and yet it does not occur to these speakers to call their language anything but Catalan. There is no mention of Valencian or Catalan or any language other than Spanish in the Spanish Constitution of 1978. The Autonomy Statute refers to the vernacular language as valenci, a name used traditionally since the fifteenth century. There is a private institution called Lo Rat Penat that campaigns for Valencian as a separate language with a different written norm and has firmly supported the motivated attempts of a minority of Valencian sectors (often related to right-wing political parties) to split Valencian and Catalan norms apart. However, their theories are not supported by universities or Romance-language experts. Officially, the rules for Valencian are decided by the Acadmia Valenciana de la Llengua, which follows the same rules as for the rest of the Catalan language, set by the Institut d'Estudis Catalans. The latest political controversy regarding Valencian occurred on the occasion of the approval of the European Constitution in 2004. The Spanish government supplied the EU with translations of the text into Basque, Catalan, Galician, and Valencian, but the Catalan and Valencian versions were identical. While professing the unity of the Catalan language, the Spanish government claimed to be constitutionally bound to produce distinct Catalan and Valencian versions because the Statute of the Autonomous Community of Valencia calls the regional language "Valencian", while that of Catalonia calls its regional language "Catalan". Catalan/Valencian is not spoken as much in the capital city of Valencia as it is in its surrounding areas. Spanish is the everyday language of most people, and in much cases the one used if the language of the other person is not known. is false: In Barcelona catalan is the main language despite some desinformation that new arrivals have about the language spoken there. I will remove the following statement. Also, comsopolitan generates positive associations, which seems to imply that not speaking catalan is a good thing. As in Barcelona, the main reason for this is that cities are more cosmopolitan and attract more immigrants, who are likely to speak only Spanish. Valencian was the home language of the Borgia family.

Features of Valencian

Note that this is a list of features of the main forms of Valencian (Catalan spoken in the Valencian Community) that differ from those of other Catalan dialects, particularly from the Central or literary varieties of the language. For more general information on the features of the Valencian language, see Catalan language. Note also that there is a great deal of variety within the Valencian Community, and the features below do not apply to every speaker at all.

A system of 7 stressed vowels /a, e, ɛ, i, o, ɔ, u/, reduced to 5 in unstressed position (/e, ɛ/ > e, /o, ɔ/ > o) (a feature shared with North-Western Catalan and Ribagoran)
In general, use of modern forms of the determinate article (el, els) and the 3rd person unstressed object pronouns (el, els), though some sub-dialects have lo, los as in Lleida. For the other unstressed object pronouns, etymological old forms (me, te, se, ne, mos, vos...) can be found, depending on places, in conjunction with the more modern ones (em, et, es, en)
Valencian has preserved mediaeval prepalatal afficates dʒ,tʃ in contexts where other modern dialects have developed fricatives ʒ or jʒ (feature shared with modern Ribagoran)
Valencian preserves the final stop in the groups nt, ŋk, lt (feature shared with modern Balearic)
Valencian is the only modern Catalan variant that articulates etymological final r in all contexts, although this cannot be generalized since there are valencian sub-dialects which do not articulate the final r
Valencian preserves the mediaeval system of demonstratives with three different levels of demonstrative precision (este or aquest/a/ac, eixe or aqueix/aix/aqu, aquell/all/all or all) (feature shared with modern Ribagoran)
Valencian has -i- as theme vowel for incoative verbs of the 3rd conjugation este servix (this one serves) (like North-Western Catalan), although, again, this cannot be generalized since there are valencian sub-dialects which pronnounce an -ie- (aquest serveix)
An exclusive feature of Valencian is the subjunctive imperfect morpheme /ra/: que ell vinguera (that he might come).
Several variations for nosaltres, vosaltres (we, you):mosatros, moatros, natros, vosatros, voatros, valtros.
Numbers: Huit, deneu, xixantahuit, doscentes, milló, quint, sext, vigesim for vuit, dinou, seixanta-vuit, dues-centes, milió, cinqu, sis, vint.
En for amb.
Meua, teua, seua for meva, teva, seva.
Hui for avui.
Gemination of D in some contexts

Some other features, such as the use of molt de or the lack of hom or geminate L, are often given as examples of differences between Valencian and other forms of Catalan. However, these are in reality differences between colloquial and literary language, and, again, are particular of concrete geographical areas. In fact, northern and southern variants of Valencian share more features with Eastern Catalan than with central Valencian and for this reason most of the features listed previously do not apply to them. As we have seen, the central / capital city area of Valencian suffers from the biggest Castilian interferences and are one of the causes of these differences.

Sub-varieties of Valencian

Northern or transition Valencian: spoken only in the northern part of the province of Castell, and the area of Matarranya in the province of Teruel, in towns like Benicarlo or Vinaros. Northern Valencian is very similar to the Catalan of the Tortosa area, in the province of Tarragona. Final "r" isn't pronounced in infinitive ("canta" instead of "cantar" is pronounced) and old articles "lo, los" are used instead of "el, els" (lo xic, los hmens).
Castellonenc: spoken in Castello. Main feature easy to recognise is the use of "e" sound instead of standard "a" (Als matins ell "cante" en la dutxa" instead of ell canta).
Central or apitxat, spoken in Valencia city and its area. This is NOT taken as standard by the Valencian TV or radio. Apitxat has two distinct features:

All voiced sibillants get unvoiced (that is, apitxat pronounces 'tʃove 'kasa (young man, house), where other Valencians would pronounce 'dʒove, 'kaza) (feature shared with Ribagoran)
It preserves the strong simple past, which has been substituted by an analytic past with VADERE + infinitive in the rest of modern Catalan variants (the simple past is still preserved incomplete in Eivissa).

Southern: spoken in most of the province of Alacant, and the area of Carxe in the province of Murcia, shares many features with oriental Catalan.

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