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Ukhaatu Khan | tyle="background:#ccf; border-bottom:2px solid" colspan=2|Ukhaatu Khan | | lign=right style="border-top:1px solid"|Birth and death: | style="border-top:1px solid"| 1320-1370 | | lign=right style="border-top:1px solid"|Family name: | style="border-top:1px solid"|Borjigin | | lign=right style="border-top:1px solid"|Given name: | style="border-top:1px solid"|Toghun Temr | | lign=right style="border-top:1px solid"|Khan title: | style="border-top:1px solid"|Ukhaatu Khan Emperor | | lign=right style="border-top:3px solid"|Dates of reign: | style="border-top:3px solid"|1333 – 1370 | | lign=right style="border-top:1px solid"|Ulus: | style="border-top:1px solid"|Dai-n (Yuan) | | lign=right style="border-top:1px solid"|Temple name: | style="border-top:1px solid"|Hui Zong (惠宗 Hu Zōng) | lign=center style="border-top:1px solid"|Posthumous name:
(short) | style="border-top:1px solid"|Shundi (順帝 Shnd)1 | lign=center style="border-top:1px solid"|Posthumous name:
(full) | style="border-top:1px solid"| - | | lign=center style="border-top:1px solid"|Era names: | style="border-top:1px solid"|Zhishun (至順 Zhshn) 1333
Yuantong (元統 Yuntǒng) 1333-1335
Zhiyuan (至元 Zhyun) 1335-1340
Zhizheng (至正 Zhzhng) 1341-1368
Zhiyuan (至元 Zhyun) 1368-1370 | | tyle="border-top:2px solid" colspan=2|1. The posthumous name Shundi was given by the Ming Dynasty. | Ukhaatu Khan (Classical Mongolian: Uqaɤatu qaɤan; Khalkha Mongolian: Ухаант хаан Uhaant haan), born Toghun Temr, was the fifteenth grand-khan of the Mongol Empire (Dai-n Ulus/Yuan Dynasty). During his reign, the empire lost China to the Ming Dynasty. Before succession Toghun Temr was born to Kuśala when he stayed Central Asia in evacuation. Toghun Temr's mother was a daugher of the chief of the Turkic Qarluq tribe, whose rank was not high in the court. Following the civil war broke out after Yesn Temr Khan's death in 1328, he attended his father Kuśala and entered Shangdu via Mongolia. But after Kuśala died and Kuśala's younger brother Tugh Temr was restored to the throne, he was kept from the court. He was banished to Goryeo and then to Guangxi. In 1332 when Tugh Temr died, his widow Budashiri Khatun respected his will to make Kuśala's son succeed the throne instead of his son El Tegs. But it was not Toghun Temr but his yonger brother Rinchinbal who became the grand-khan. Rinchinbal died in two month, and the de facto ruler El Temr attempted to install El Tegs again, but it was rejected by Budashiri. As a result, Toghun Temr was summoned back from Guangxi. El Temr feared that Toghun Temr, who was too mature to be a puppet, would take against him since he was suspected of the assassination on Toghun Temr's father Kuśala. The enthronement of Toghun Temr was postponed for six months by El Temr. He managed to succeed to the throne in 1333 when El Temr died. Struggles during the early reign Toghun Temr appointed his nephew El Tegs as Crown Prince, and was in ward to El Tegs's mother Budashiri. But he was controlled by warlords even after El Temr's death. Among them, Bayan became as powerful as El Temr had been. He served as minister of the Secretariat and crushed a rebellion by El Temr's son. As he was grew, he came to disfavor Bayan's autocratic rule. In 1340 he allied Bayan's nephew Toghtogha, who was in discord with Bayan, and banished Bayan by coup. He also kicked El Tegs and Budashiri out of the court. He managed to purge officials that had dominated the administration, but it only resulted in another dictatorship, that of Toghtogha and his father Majartai. In 1347 he drove them into Gangsu with assistance from former officers of Kuśala and Yesn Temr. But he called Toghtogha back in 1349. All he could do was to back up one side of warlords over power. While the central government waged endless power struggles, people in the countryside suffered from frequent natural disasters; droughts, floods and the ensuing famines. The government's lack of policy led to a loss of the support from people. Illicit salt dealers who were disaffected with the government's salt monopoly raised a rebellion in 1348. It triggered many revolts around the empire. Among them, the Red Turban Rebellion, which started in 1351, grew into a nationwide turmoil. Disorder during the late reign In 1354, when Toghtogha led a large army to crush the Red Turban rebels, Toghun Temr suddenly dismissed him for fear of betrayal. It resulted in Toghun Temr's restoration of power on the one hand and a rapid weakening of the central government on the other. He had no choice but to rely on local warlords' military. He gradually lost his interest in politics and ceased to intervene political struggles. His son Ayushiridar, who became Crown Prince in 1353, attempted to seize power and came to conflict with Toghun Temr's aides who dominated politics instead of the khan. Toghun Temr was unable to conciliate the dispute. In 1364 the Shangxi-based warlord Bolad Temr occupied Dadu and expelled the Crown Prince from the winter base. In alliance with the Henan-based warlord Kke Temr, Ayushiridar defeated Bolad Temr in the next year. This internal struggle resulted in further weakening of political and military power of the central government. Retreat to the north Unifying rebel groups in Southern China and establishing the Ming Dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhuang conducted military expeditions to Northern China and defeated the Yuan army in 1368. When Kke Temr lost battles against Ming General Xu Da and the Ming troops approached Hebei, Toghun Temr gave up Dadu and fled to the summer base Shangdu. In 1369 when Shangdu also fell under the Ming's occupation, Toghun Temr fled northward to Yingchang-fu, which was located in southern Mongolia. He died there in 1370 and his son Ayushiridara succeeded to the throne. At the time of his death, the Mongolia-based empire maintained its influence, stretching the domination from the Sea of Japan to Altai Mountains. There were also pro-Mongol, anti-Ming forces in Gangsu and Yunnan. Even though its control over China had not been stable yet, the Ming considered that the Yuan lost the Mandate of Heaven when it abandoned Dadu, and that the Yuan was overthrown in 1368. The Chinese did not treat Toghun Temr after 1368 and his successor Ayushiridar as emperors. The Ming gave Toghun Temr the posthumous name Shundi, which implied that he followed the Mandate of Heaven ceded emperorship to the Ming. But the Yuan gave their own temple name Huizong to him. Actually, even after Toghun Temr, Chinggisid khans ruled Mongolia and claimed succession to the Mongol Empire. Historians called the Yuan Dynasty after Toghun Temr the Northern Yuan. Legacy Mongolian chronicles such as the Erdeni-yin tobchi include a poem known as the Lament of Toghun Temr. It deals with his grieving after the loss of Dadu.
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