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Transpersonal PsychologyTranspersonal psychology is a school of psychology, considered by proponents to be the '4th force' in the field (after the first three: Psychoanalysis, Behaviorism, and Humanistic). It was originally founded in 1969 by Abraham Maslow, Stanislav Grof, Anthony Sutich and others in order to pursue knowledge about issues connected to mystical and transcendent experiences. A major motivating factor behind the initiative to establish this school of psychology was Abraham Maslow's already published work regarding human peak experiences. It was Grof who coined the term "Transpersonal Psychology," which refers to the psychological study of experiences which transcend the traditional boundaries of the ego -- i.e. which are 'trans-personal,' or 'transegoic.' According to its proponents, the traditional schools of psychology — behaviorism, psychoanalysis and humanism — have failed to include these 'transegoic' elements of human existence, such as religious conversion, altered states of consciousness and spirituality. Thus, Transpersonal psychology strives to combine insights from modern psychology with insights from the worlds contemplative traditions, both east and west. Maslow, Sutich, Grof and others, were the initiators behind the publication of the first issue of the Journal of Transpersonal Psychology in 1969, the leading academic journal in the field. This was soon to be followed by the founding of the Association for Transpersonal Psychology in 1972. Today Transpersonal Psychology also includes approaches to health, social sciences and practical arts. Transpersonal perspectives are also being applied to such diverse fields as psychology, psychiatry, anthropology, sociology, medicine and business, education and ecology. According to the Association for Transpersonal psychology the Transpersonal perspective includes such research interests as: Psychology and psychotherapy, Meditation, spiritual paths and practices, Change and personal transformation, Consciousness research, Addiction and recovery, Psychedelic and altered states of consciousness research, Death, dying and near death experience (NDE), Self-realization and higher values, The mind-body connection, Mythology and Shamanism and Exceptional Human Experience (EHE) (www.atpweb.org: About ATP: Transpersonal Perspective) However, most psychologists do not hold strictly to traditional schools of psychology; most psychologists take an eclectic approach. Furthermore, the phenomena listed are considered by standard subdisciplines of psychology, religious conversion falling within the ambit of social psychology, altered states of consciousness within physiological psychology, and spiritual life within the psychology of religion. Transpersonal psychologists, however, disagree with the approach to such phenomena taken by traditional psychology, and claim that they have typically been dismissed either as signs of various kinds of mental illnesses or regression to infantile stages of psychosomatic development. One must not confuse transpersonal psychology with parapsychology- a mistake frequently made due to the unenviable academic reputation of both branches, and the eerie atmosphere surrounding the subjects investigated. Although there are many disagreements with regard to transpersonal psychology, one could succinctly lay out a few basic traits of the field: - transpersonal psychology is rooted in religious psychological doctrines expounded in: Zen Buddhism, Kabbalah, Gnosticism, Sufism, Vedanta, Taoism and Neoplatonism
- by common consent, the following branches are considered to be transpersonal psychological schools: Jungian Depth Psychology or, more recently rephrased by James Hillman, a follower of Carl Jung as Archetypal Psychology; Psychosynthesis founded by Roberto Assagioli and schools of Abraham Maslow, Stanislav Grof, Ken Wilber and Charles Tart.
- Some transpersonal psychologists claim other authors, for example William James and Otto Rank as having espoused viewpoints which are resonant with their approach.
- Doctrines or ideas of many colorful personalities who were or are "spiritual teachers" in the Western world are often assimilated in the transpersonal psychology mainstream scene: Gurdjieff, Alice Bailey or Ken Wilber. This development is, generally, seen as detrimental to the aspiration of transpersonal psychologists to gain firm and respectable academic status.
- Ken Wilbur is considered one of the most influential writers and leading theoreticians in the field of Transpersonal psychology.
All transpersonal psychologies, whichever their differences, share one basic contention: they claim that human beings possess the supraegoic centre of consciousness that is irreducible to all known states of empirical, or, better, "ordinary" consciousness (sleep, waking state, ...). This root of consciousness (and human existence, for some schools) is frequently called "Self" (or "Higher Self"), in order to distinguish it from "self" or "ego", which is equated to the seat of ordinary everyday waking consciousness. However, they differ in the crucial traits they ascribe to the Self: - the supraegoic root of consciousness (the Self) survives bodily death in some transpersonal schools; for others, it dies with the body
- for ones, the Self is dormant and latent; for others, it is ever watchful and precedes empirical human consciousness
- some think that Self is mutable and potentially expandable; others aver that it is perfect and completely outside of time-space, and that only "ego" is subject to temporal change
Currently, transpersonal psychology (especially Archetypal Psychology of Carl Jung and his followers) is integrated, at least to some extent, to numerous psychology departments in US and European Universities; also, transpersonal therapies are included in many therapeutic practices. See also Humanistic psychology, Near-Death Studies, Psychosynthesis Standard Textbooks
- Chinen Allan B., Scotton Bruce W. and Battista John R. (Editors) (1996) Textbook of transpersonal psychiatry and psychology. New York, NY, US: Basic Books
- Grof, Stanislav (2001) Psychology of the Future. New York: SUNY.
- Rowan, John (1993) The transpersonal : psychotherapy and counselling. London: Routledge
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