Timeline Of Portuguese History

Events previous to independence

• 1st century BC Lisbon (Olissipo) is the capital of Hispania Ulterior, a Roman province
• 711, March 15 Moors invade the Iberian Peninsula; in the following years, the Peninsula is conquered from its Celtic and Visigothic owners, except from the northernmost part, in the Asturias. Resistance to Moorish occupation (reconquista) starts from these strongholds, leading to the creation of the Iberian kingdoms: Len, Asturias and Galicia.
• 905 Navarre becomes a kingdom
• 1035 Sancho III of Navarre, Aragon and Castile dies and distributes his lands among his three sons; Castile and Aragon become kingdoms
• 1037 Ferdinand of Castile acquires the kingdom of Len through marriage
• 1095 Crusadesrs help king Alfonso VI of Castile to defeat the Moors; Henry of Burgundy marries princess Teresa, becomes Count of Portugal and over is government desires the autonomy of the county.
• 1109, July 25 Afonso Henriques is born
• 1112 Afonso inherits the County of Portugal, a fiefdom of Castile
• 1128, July 24 Defeats his mother, Teresa that governs the county after her husband's death, in Battle of So Mamede and becomes sole ruler after demandes for independence from the county's people, church and nobles.

First Dynasty: Burgundy

• 1139, July 26 Independence of Portugal from the Kingdom of Leon declared after the Battle of Ourique: count Afonso Henriques becomes Afonso I, king of Portugal
• 1143 Treaty of Zamora. Alfonso VII of Leon and Castille recognizes the Kingdom of Portugal
• 1147 The city of Lisbon is conquered to the Moors
• 1174 The kingdom of Aragon recognizes Portugal as independent
• 1179 Pope Alexander III recognizes Afonso I as king and Portugal as an independent country
• 1185 Sancho I of Portugal becomes king
• 1212 Afonso II of Portugal becomes king
• 1233 Sancho II of Portugal becomes king
• 1246 Pope Innocent IV declares Sancho II an heretic and orders his removal of the throne
• 1247 Afonso III of Portugal becomes king; Sancho II is exiled to Toledo
• 1254 First official reunion of the Cortes, the kingdom's general assembly
• 1272 Afonso III conquers Faro to the Moors, thus removing all Muslim communities of Portuguese soil
• 1276 John XXI becomes the first and only Portuguese Pope (died 1277)
• 1279 Dinis of Portugal becomes king
• 1297 Dinis signs a treaty with Ferdinand IV of Castile to define the borders between Portugal and modern Spain; this treaty is valid until the present day
• 1308 First Portuguese commercial treaty, signed with England
• 1325 Afonso IV of Portugal becomes king
• 1355 Ines de Castro is killed by royal order; begins civil war between Afonso IV and his heir Pedro
• 1357 Pedro I of Portugal becomes king; Ines de Castro is removed from her graved and crowned Queen of Portugal
• 1367 Fernando of Portugal becomes king
• 1383/1385 Civil war and political anarchy: 1383-1385 Crisis

Second Dynasty: Aviz

• 1385
• April Joo I of Portugal acclaimed king by the Portuguese; Castilians do not accept this claim
• August 14 Battle of Aljubarrota: Joo I defeats the Castilians and secures the throne
• 1386 - Treaty of Windsor, an alliance between England and Portugal
• 1394 Henry the Navigator, son of Joo I, is born
• 1415 Joo I conquers the city of Ceuta in northern Africa
• 1419 Madeira Islands discovered by Joo Gonalves Zarco and Tristo Vaz Teixeira
• 1427 Azores Islands discovered by Diogo Silves
• 1433 Duarte of Portugal becomes king
• 1434 Gil Eanes crosses the Bojador Cape: exploration of the African coast begins
• 1438 Afonso V of Portugal becomes king
• 1444/1460 discovery and settling of Cape Verde islands
• 1481 Joo II of Portugal becomes king
• 1483 Joo II executes Fernando, the third Duke of Braganza, and Diogo, the Duke of Viseu, putting an end to high nobility conspiracies
• 1484 Diogo Co discovers the Congo river
• 1491 Bartolomeu Dias becomes the first European captain to cross the Cape of Good Hope
• 1494 The Treaty of Tordesilhas signed between Spain and Portugal, dividing the colonisable world in two halves
• 1495 Manuel I of Portugal becomes king
• 1498 Vasco da Gama reaches India through navigation around Africa
• 1500
• Easter Day Pedro lvares Cabral discovers Brazil
• Manuel I orders expulsion or conversion of the Portuguese Jews
• 1521 Joo III of Portugal becomes king
• 1542 Portuguese explorers are the first Europeans to land in Japan
• 1557 Sebastio of Portugal becomes king
• 1578
• Portuguese troops utterly defeated in Africa, in the battle of Alcacer-Quibir; king Sebastio disappears in the battle never to be seen again
• Cardinal Henrique I of Portugal becomes king

Third Dynasty: Habsburg (Spanish rule)

• 1580 Philip II of Spain becomes Philip I of Portugal and the country loses independence to Spain
• 1598 - Philip III of Spain becomes Philip II of Portugal
• 1621 - Philip IV of Spain becomes Philip III of Portugal

Fourth Dynasty: Bragana

• 1640, December 1 The Duke of Braganza becomes king Joo IV of Portugal: end of Spanish control
• 1656 Afonso VI of Portugal becomes king
• 1668 Afonso VI is declared incapable of govern; his brother Pedro becomes sole ruler (but not king)
• 1683 Pedro II of Portugal becomes king
• 1706 Joo V of Portugal becomes king
• 1750 Jos I of Portugal becomes king
• 1755, November 1 The Lisbon earthquake destroys the city to the ground; an enormous tsunami wave washes away what remained standing
• 1759, January 13 All members of the Tavora family are executed for high-treason and attempted regicide by orders of the Marquis of Pombal
• 1777 Maria I of Portugal becomes queen; consort king is her uncle, Pedro III of Portugal
• 1807 Napoleon Bonaparte, emperor of France invades Portugal and the Portuguese Royal Family is transferred to the colony of Brazil and the colony is turned into kingdom and center of the Portuguese Empire. Portugal chances the official name from Kingdom of Portugal and Algarve to Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and Algarve.
• 1816 Joo VI of Portugal becomes king
• 1820 - Metropolitan Portugal demandes the return of Joo VI to Lisbon. Joao VI advices his son, Pedro, to declare the independence of Brazil and become its emperor, securing that it continues in the hands of the family of Bragana.
• 1822 - Brazil declares independence. Pedro becomes Pedro I of Brazil
• 1826 Emperor Pedro I of Brazil becomes also king Pedro IV of Portugal
• 1828 Miguel I of Portugal becomes king, rival to Pedro IV: civil war
• 1834 -
• July 24, the Duke of Terceira wins the battle of Lisbon - end of the civil war: Miguel I exiled to Germany
• Maria II of Portugal becomes queen; consort king is prince Ferdinand of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha (Fernando II of Portugal)
• 1853 Pedro V of Portugal becomes king
• 1861 Luis I of Portugal becomes king
• 1889 Carlos I of Portugal becomes king
• 1908
• February 1, King Carlos and his son prince Lus Filipe are killed in Lisbon by republicans
• Manuel II of Portugal becomes king

Early Republic

• 1910, October 5 A popular revolution puts an end to monarchy: Portugal becomes a Republic; king Manuel II exiled to England
• 1917 Portugal joins the allied forces in World War I

Fascist Regime

• 1926, May 28 A coup brings fascist leaders to government
• 1933 - A new fascist regime is instaled called Estado Novo
• 1949 - Portugal is a founding member of NATO
• 1961 The Portuguese colonial war starts in northern Angola

Democracy

• 1974, April 25 The Carnation Revolution puts an end to fascist regime, Marcello Caetano exiled to Brazil
• 1975
• Independence is granted to all Portuguese colonies in Africa and independence is promised to East Timor
• March 11 Communist coup: major industries and big properties are nationalized by government
• November 25 Another coup removes extreme-left influence in politics
• December 7 East Timor is violently annexed by Indonesia
• 1980 Prime minister Francisco S Carneiro and defence minister Amaro da Costa killed in a plane crash; accident or terrorist attack still discussed today
• 1984 Carlos Lopes wins the first Olympic Gold Medal for Portugal in the Los Angeles '84 marathon
• 1986, January 1 Portugal becomes a member of the European Economic Community, today's European Union
• 1998 Lisbon organizes the World's Fair Expo '98
• 1999, January 1 Macao, the last overseas Portuguese colony, is returned to China
• 2002, January 1 Portugal adopts the euro as currency
• 2004, Summer UEFA European Championships are held in Portugal

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