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SwaraThe notes, or swaras, of Indian music are Shadjamam, Rishabham, Gandharam, Madhyamam, Panchamam, Dhaivatam and Nishadam. Collectively these notes are known as the sargam, the Indian solfege. In singing, these become Sa, Ri(Carnatic) or Re(Hindustani), Ga, Ma, Pa, Da(Carnatic) or Dha(Hindustani), and Ni. ("Sargam" stands for "Sa-R(i,e)-Ga-M(a)"). Only these syllables are sung, and further designations are never vocalized. When writing these become, S, R, G, M, P, D, N. A dot above a letter indicates that the note is sung one octave higher, a dot below indicates a note one octave lower. In certain forms of Indian classical music and quwalli, when a rapid, 16th note sequence of the same note is to be sung, sometimes different sylables are used in a certain sequence to make the whole easier to pronounce. For example instead of "sa-sa-sa-sa-sa-sa-sa-sa" said very quickly, it might be "sa-da-da-li-sa-da-da-li" which lends itself more to a quick and light tongue movement. Classification of swaras Although the sargam contains only seven kinds of notes, each member of the sargam (Sa, Ri or Re, Ga etc.) may have up to three different forms. The exceptions are Sa and Pa, which are fixed, and Ma, which has only two forms. | ull form (Carnatic) | Abbreviated form (Carnatic) | Full form (Hindustani) | Abbreviated form (Hindustani) | Western | hadjamam | Sa | C | uddha Madhyamam | Suddha Ma | F | rati Madhyamam | Prati Ma | F sharp | anchamam | Pa | G | What they mean Each swara (e.g. "Sa", "Ri", "Ga", "Ma", "Pa", "Da", and "Ni") is believed to correspond with the natural sound of an animal/bird, and some have a meaning of its own. | Swara | Expansion | Meaning | Animal/bird | | Sa | Shadjam (षड्जं) | -- | Peacock | | Ri | Rishabham (रिषभं) | Bull | Bull | | Ga | Gandharam (गान्धारं) | -- | Goat | | Ma | Madhyamam (मध्यमं) | Middle | Dove | | Pa | Panchamam (पंचमं) | Fifth | Cuckoo | | Da | Dhaivatam (धैवतं) | -- | Horse | | Ni | Nishadam (निषादं) | Outcast/Hunter | Elephant |
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