Soyuz Programme

The Soyuz human spaceflight programme was initiated in the early 1960s as part of the Luna programme that was intended to put a Soviet cosmonaut on the Moon. The Soyuz spacecraft and the Soyuz launch vehicle are both part of this programme. The Moon objective was abandoned when technological problems meant that the US would reach the Moon first. Soyuz survived the demise of the Luna programme in that it developed into a variety of projects (both military and civilian), mostly in conjunction with space stations. The manned Soyuz spacecraft can be classified into design generations. Soyuz 1 through 11 (1967-1971) were first-generation vehicles, carrying a crew of up to three without spacesuits and distinguished from those following by their bent solar panels and their use of the Igla automatic docking navigation system, which required special radar antennas. This first generation encompassed the Original Soyuz and Salyut 1 Soyuz. Variations within it were primarily docking fixtures; the first nine examples had no internal hatch and crew transfer had to take place by means of spacewalks, employing spacesuits kept in the orbital module, which functioned as an airlock. The second generation, the Soyuz Ferry, comprised Soyuz 12 through 40 (1973-1981). Although still using the Igla system, these had no solar panels, employing batteries; the crew could now wear spacesuits throughout their flight, though their number was reduced to two. ASTP Soyuz served as a technological bridge to the third generation Soyuz-T spacecraft (1976-1986). These used new flat solar panels and could carry a crew of three, now wearing spacesuits. Soyuz-TM was fourth generation (1986-2003) and used for ferry flights to the Mir space station. These had a new, more fault-accepting automatic docking navigation system, called Kurs, meaning "course." The Soyuz-TMA (2003- ) is the latest design developed as a ferry craft and assured crew return vehicle for the International Space Station. It is able to accommodate taller occupants with new adjustable crew couches. The basic Soyuz design was the basis for many projects, many of which never came to light. Its earliest form was intended to travel to the moon without employing a huge booster like the Saturn V or the Soviet N-1 by repeatedly docking with upper stages that had been put in orbit using the same rocket as the Soyuz. This and the initial civilian designs were done under the Soviet Chief Designer Korolev, who did not live to see the craft take flight. Several military derivatives actually took precedence in the Soviet design process, though they never came to pass. The Zond spacecraft, designed to take a crew traveling in a figure-of-eight orbit around the Earth and the moon, but never achieving the degree of safety or political need to be used for such, was another derivative. Finally, the Progress series of automatic cargo ships for the Salyut and Mir space laboratories used the automatic navigation and docking mechanism, but not the re-entry capsule, of Soyuz. As of 2003, Soyuz derivatives provide Russia's human spaceflight capability and are used to ferry personnel and supplies to and from the International Space Station.
lign="left" |Soyuz manned flights
align="left" width="125" |Flights 1 - 20 align="left" width="125" |Flights 21 - 40 align="left" width="125" |Flights 41 - 60 align="left" width="125" |Flights 61 - 80 align="left" width="125" |Flights 81 - 100
align="left"|1. Soyuz 1 align="left"|21.Soyuz 22 align="left"|41.Soyuz 39 align="left"|61.Soyuz TM-8 align="left"|81.Soyuz TM-28
align="left"|2. Soyuz 3 align="left"|22.Soyuz 23 align="left"|42.Soyuz 40 align="left"|62.Soyuz TM-9 align="left"|82.Soyuz TM-29
align="left"|3. Soyuz 4 align="left"|23.Soyuz 24 align="left"|43.Soyuz T-5 align="left"|63.Soyuz TM-10 align="left"|83.Soyuz TM-30
align="left"|4. Soyuz 5 align="left"|24.Soyuz 25 align="left"|44.Soyuz T-6 align="left"|64.Soyuz TM-11 align="left"|84.Soyuz TM-31
align="left"|5. Soyuz 6 align="left"|25.Soyuz 26 align="left"|45.Soyuz T-7 align="left"|65.Soyuz TM-12 align="left"|85.Soyuz TM-32
align="left"|6. Soyuz 7 align="left"|26.Soyuz 27 align="left"|46.Soyuz T-8 align="left"|66.Soyuz TM-13 align="left"|86.Soyuz TM-33
align="left"|7. Soyuz 8 align="left"|27.Soyuz 28 align="left"|47.Soyuz T-9 align="left"|67.Soyuz TM-14 align="left"|87.Soyuz TM-34
align="left"|8. Soyuz 9 align="left"|28.Soyuz 29 align="left"|48.Soyuz T-10-1 align="left"|68.Soyuz TM-15 align="left"|88.Soyuz TMA-1
align="left"|9. Soyuz 10 align="left"|29.Soyuz 30 align="left"|49.Soyuz T-10 align="left"|69.Soyuz TM-16 align="left"|89.Soyuz TMA-2
align="left"|10.Soyuz 11 align="left"|30.Soyuz 31 align="left"|50.Soyuz T-11 align="left"|70.Soyuz TM-17 align="left"|90.Soyuz TMA-3
align="left"|11.Soyuz 12 align="left"|31.Soyuz 32 align="left"|51.Soyuz T-12 align="left"|71.Soyuz TM-18 align="left"|91.Soyuz TMA-4
align="left"|12.Soyuz 13 align="left"|32.Soyuz 33 align="left"|52.Soyuz T-13 align="left"|72.Soyuz TM-19 align="left"|92.Soyuz TMA-5
align="left"|13.Soyuz 14 align="left"|33.Soyuz 34 align="left"|53.Soyuz T-14 align="left"|73.Soyuz TM-20 align="left"|93.Soyuz TMA-6
align="left"|14.Soyuz 15 align="left"|34.Soyuz 35 align="left"|54.Soyuz TM-2 align="left"|74.Soyuz TM-21 align="left"|94.Soyuz TMA-7
align="left"|15.Soyuz 16 align="left"|35.Soyuz 36 align="left"|55.Soyuz T-15 align="left"|75.Soyuz TM-22 align="left"|95.Soyuz TMA-8
align="left"|16.Soyuz 17 align="left"|36.Soyuz T-2 align="left"|56.Soyuz TM-3 align="left"|76.Soyuz TM-23 align="left"|96.Soyuz TMA-9
align="left"|17.Soyuz 18a align="left"|37.Soyuz 37 align="left"|57.Soyuz TM-4 align="left"|77.Soyuz TM-24 align="left"|97.Soyuz TMA-10
align="left"|18.Soyuz 18 align="left"|38.Soyuz 38 align="left"|58.Soyuz TM-5 align="left"|78.Soyuz TM-25 align="left"|98.Soyuz TMA-11
align="left"|19.Soyuz 19 align="left"|39.Soyuz T-3 align="left"|59.Soyuz TM-6 align="left"|79.Soyuz TM-26 align="left"|99.Soyuz TMA-12
align="left"|20.Soyuz 21 align="left"|40.Soyuz T-4 align="left"|60.Soyuz TM-7 align="left"|80.Soyuz TM-27 align="left"|100.Soyuz TMA-13

lign="left" |Soyuz unmanned flights
align="left" width="125" |Flights 1 - 5 align="left" width="125" |Flights 6 - 10 align="left" width="125" |Flights 11 - 15 align="left" width="125" |Flights 16 - 20 align="left" width="125" |Flights 21 - 26
align="left"|1. Cosmos 133 align="left"|6. Cosmos 212 align="left"|11.Cosmos 396 align="left"|16.Cosmos 638 align="left"|21.Soyuz 20
align="left"|2. Launch failure align="left"|7. Cosmos 213 align="left"|12.Cosmos 434 align="left"|17.Cosmos 656 align="left"|22.Cosmos 869
align="left"|3. Cosmos 140 align="left"|8. Cosmos 238 align="left"|13.Cosmos 496 align="left"|18.Cosmos 670 align="left"|23.Cosmos 1001
align="left"|4. Cosmos 186 align="left"|9. Soyuz 2 align="left"|14.Cosmos 573 align="left"|19.Cosmos 672 align="left"|24.Cosmos 1074
align="left"|5. Cosmos 188 align="left"|10. Cosmos 379 align="left"|15. Cosmos 613 align="left"|20. Cosmos 772 align="left"|25. Soyuz T-1
align="left"| align="left"| align="left"| align="left"| align="left"|26. Soyuz TM-1

 

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