seoul

Other Definitions
seoul (dest)
seoul (dict)

colspan=2 align=center bgcolor=#FFCCCC \| Seoul Special City
colspan=2 align=center \|
colspan=2 align=center \| Korean Name
Revised Romanization	Seoul Teukbyeolsi
McCune-Reischauer	Sŏul T'ŭkpyŏlsi
Hangul	서울 특별시
Hanja	서울 特別巿 Note: 首爾 is used in Chinese for the 서울 part, but is not the Korean Hanja name
Short Name	Seoul (Sŏul; 서울)
colspan=2 align=center \| Statistics
Population	10,276,968 (2003) (Metro area c. 20,000,000)
Area	614 km²(approximate)
Government	Special City; Capital of South Korea
Administrative Divisions	25 wards ("Gu")
Region	Sudogwon
Dialect	Seoul
colspan=2 align=center \| Location Map
colspan=2 align=center \| Map of location of Seoul

Seoul is the capital of South Korea and was, until 1945, the capital of all of Korea. It is a designated special city. Since the establishment of South Korea (formally the Republic of Korea) in 1948, it became the capital of the country, except for a short time during the Korean War. Seoul is located in the northwest of the country south of the DMZ, on the Han River. The city is the political, cultural, social and economical centre of South Korea. It is also an international centre for business, finance, multinational corporations, and global organizations. This, along with its position as the capital of one of the world's largest economies, has boosted it to the status of a global city. Today, it is one of the most visible symbols of the Korean economic Miracle of the Han River. According to UN Population Division figures, Seoul's Urban Area contained 9.7 million people in 2003, making it the 22nd most populous such area in the world. Its density has allowed it to become one of the most digitally-wired cities in today's globally connected economy. It also has more than 1 million registered vehicles which cause isolated traffic-jams beyond midnight. The larger Seoul metropolitan area and commuter belt, which includes the major harbor city Incheon and the largely residential city of Seongnam, is one of the world's most heavily populated. In recent years, the metropolitan government has carried out an extensive cleanup of the city's heavy air and water pollution, transforming the previously murky atmosphere into one of outstanding cleanness.

Naming Conventions

Unlike most place names in Korea, "Seoul" has no corresponding Hanja, which are Chinese characters used in the Korean language. The word "seoul" in Korean means "capital city". For people who use the Chinese language, the city has been known instead as 漢城 (read as Hancheng in Chinese, Hanseong in Korean), the Joseon Dynasty name of the city which denotes a fortified city (seong) on the Han River. After months of discussion and debate, the Seoul Metropolitan Government officially announced on January 18, 2005 that the Chinese name of the city shall be Shou'er (首爾), which is a close transliteration of Seoul, where "shou" can also mean "first, capital". The new name will be used for all official government websites and publications in Chinese, instead of Hancheng/Hanseong. The Seoul Metropolitan Government has also asked the Chinese Government to use the new name; however, some Chinese organizations from airlines to the official Xinhua News Agency have ignored Seoul's request to use the new Chinese name http://www.yomiuri.co.jp/main/news/20050124i516.htm, with a Beijing-based newspaper commenting that Chinese speakers have the right to decide what name to use for Seoul.

History

The history of Seoul can be traced back as far as 18 BC. In that year the newly established kingdom of Baekje built its capital Wiryeseong in the Seoul area. There are several city wall remains in the area dating from this time, and Pungnap Toseong, an earthen wall whose remains lie just outside Seoul, is widely believed to be the main Wiryeseong site. During the time when the three kingdoms fought for hegemony in Korea, Seoul was often the site where disputes were carried out. It was thought that only the kingdom who controlled the area around Seoul would be able to control the whole of the peninsula, because it was a centre of transportation. This was the reason why in the 11th century the ruler of the Goryeo Dynasty built a palace in Seoul, which was referred to as the Southern Capital. This city was renamed from Hanyang (漢陽) to Hanseong (漢城) when it became the capital of the Joseon Dynasty in 1394. It was renamed Gyeongseong (京城—Keijō in Japanese) during the Japanese Colonial Period, and finally given the name Seoul after the 1945 liberation. The word Seoul has been used since the Silla Kingdom (57 B.C.-A.D.935). Seoul was originated from the archaic words of 'seobeol' or 'seorabeol'. Both were referred to Gyeongju, then capital of Silla, and meant the capital or capital city. Then it was transliterated into several types reflecting slight changes over time and has finally firmed up to Seoul. The Hanja gyeong (京) also means "capital" and is used to represent Seoul in the names of railway lines and freeways, for example, the Gyeongbu (Seoul-Busan) railway line and the Gyeongin (Seoul-Incheon) freeway. After independence, some nationalists have insisted that gyeong should be replaced with seo, the first syllable of Seoul. In this case, however, one cannot tell Seobu (서釜, Seoul-Busan) from another Seobu (西部, "western") in Hangul, so the proposal was withdrawn. Originally entirely surrounded by a massive circular wall (a 20 foot high circular stone fortress) to provide its citizens security from wild animals such as the Korean Tiger (Siberian Tiger, once roaming the wilds of Korea in large numbers; although it vanished from the peninsula long ago, its memory has been preserved in both myth and legend), thieves and attacks. The city has grown to surpass those walls and although the wall no longer stands (except in the mountains north of the downtown area), the gates remain near the downtown district of Seoul, including most notably Sungnyemun (commonly known as Namdaemun) and Honginjimun (commonly known as Dongdaemun). During the Joseon dynasty, each entrance was opened and closed each day, by ringing large bells, to allow traffic. During the Korean War, Seoul changed hands between the Chinese-backed North Korean forces and the UN-backed South Korean forces several times, leaving the city heavily damaged after the war. http://www.factmonster.com/ce6/world/A0844443.html One estimate of the extensive damage states that after the war, at least 191,000 buildings, 55,000 houses, and 1,000 factories lay in ruins. http://www.koreasociety.org/KS_curriculum/HS/2/2-text/2_195.htm In addition, a flood of refugees had entered Seoul during the war, swelling the population of Seoul and its metropolitan area to an estimated 2.5 million, more than half of them homeless. Following the war, Seoul was the focus of an immense reconstruction and modernization effort due mainly to necessity, but also due in part to the symbolic nature of Seoul as the political and economic center of Korea. Today, the population of Seoul comprises twenty-four percent of the total population of South Korea, and ranks seventh in the world in terms of the number of Fortune 500 transnational companies headquartered there. http://www.msu.edu/user/hillrr/urbstudtxt.htm Seoul was the host city of the 1988 Summer Olympics as well as one of the venues of the Football World Cup 2002.

Relocation of the Capital

On August 11, 2004, the South Korean Government announced that the capital city will be located in the Gongju area as of 2007. The Government estimated that the move will probably not be completed before 2012 http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/3554296.stm. Although part of the election manifesto, this plan ignited nationwide controversy. On October 21, 2004, the Constitutional Court ruled that the special law for the relocation of the capital is unconstitutional since the relocation is a serious national matter requiring national referendum or revision of the constitution, thus effectively ending the dispute.

Geography

The traditional heart of Seoul is the old Joseon Dynasty city, which is now the downtown area, where most palaces, government offices, corporate headquarters, hotels and traditional markets are located. This area occupies the valley of Cheonggyecheon (청계천), a now-covered stream that runs from west to east through the valley before emptying into the Han River. To the north of downtown is Bukhan Mountain, and to the south is the smaller Namsan (남산, "South Mountain"). Further south are the old suburbs of Yongsan-gu and Mapo-gu, and the Han River (한강). Across the Han River are the newer and wealthier areas of Gangnam-gu and surrounding neighbourhoods. The World Trade Center of Korea is located in Gangnam-gu and this is where many expositions and conferences are held. Also in Gangnam-gu is the Coex Mall that is a famous indoor mall area where many young Koreans enjoy spending time with friends. Yeouido is a large island in the middle of the Han River, downstream from Gangnam-gu, and is home to the National Assembly, the major broadcasting studios, and a number of large office buildings, as well as the Korea Finance Building and the world's largest Presbyterian church. The Olympic Stadium, Olympic Park, and Lotte World are located in Songpa-gu, on the south side of the Han River, upstream from Gangnam-gu. South of the sprawling Gangnam area are Namhan Mountain and Gwanak Mountain. In addition to the many districts, the skyline of Seoul is also quite amazing. Many notable buildings include the Korea Finance Building, Namsan Tower, the World Trade Centre, the 6-skyscraper residence Tower Palace, the Star Tower, IPark Apartment, and the various high-rise office buildings dominate Seoul's skyline. The number of high-rise buildings in Seoul is the most abundant in Asia after cities like Shanghai, Hong Kong, and Singapore. Urban and civil planning was a key concept when Seoul was first designed to serve as a capital in the 14th century. The Royal Palaces of the Joseon Dynasty still remain in Seoul, with the main palace (Gyeongbokgung) currently being restored to its original form. Today, there exist 9 major efficient subway lines stretching for more than 100 kilometres which connects the greater Seoul Metropolitan area, with a 10th line being planned. There are many significant streets to Seoul, but the most historically significant is Jongno(종로)—meaning the "Bell Street"—where 'jong' means a bell, and 'ro' (the initial consonant becoming 'n' through a regular sound change) means a street. This bell signalled different time of the day and therefore controlled the four gates to the city. It is still intact in its original form, and hit ceremonially at 0:00 every new years day. Seoul's most important streetcar line ran along Jongno until it was replaced by Line 1 of the Seoul subway system in the early 1970s. Other notable streets in downtown Seoul include Euljiro (을지로), Sejongno (세종로), Chungmuro (충무로), Yulgongno (율곡로), and Toegyero (퇴계로).

Administration

Seoul is divided into 25 gu (구 "wards"), which are sub-divided into 15267 dong, which are further divided into 112,734 ban in total.

Dobong-gu (도봉구; 道峰區)
Dongdaemun-gu (동대문구; 東大門區)
Dongjak-gu (동작구; 銅雀區)
Eunpyeong-gu (은평구; 恩平區)
Gangbuk-gu (강북구; 江北區)
Gangdong-gu (강동구; 江東區)
Gangnam-gu (강남구; 江南區)
Gangseo-gu (강서구; 江西區)
Geumcheon-gu (금천구; 衿川區)
Guro-gu (구로구; 九老區)
Gwanak-gu (관악구; 冠岳區)
Gwangjin-gu (광진구; 廣津區)
Jongno-gu (종로구; 鍾路區)
Jung-gu (중구; 中區)
Jungnang-gu (중랑구; 中浪區)
Mapo-gu (마포구; 麻浦區)
Nowon-gu (노원구; 蘆原區)
Seocho-gu (서초구; 瑞草區)
Seodaemun-gu (서대문구; 西大門區)
Seongbuk-gu (성북구; 城北區)
Seongdong-gu (성동구; 城東區)
Songpa-gu (송파구; 松坡區)
Yangcheon-gu (양천구; 陽川區)
Yeongdeungpo-gu (영등포구; 永登浦區)
Yongsan-gu (용산구; 龍山區)

Historic sites and tourism

The Joseon Dynasty built the "Five Grand Palaces" in Seoul, namely:

Changdeokgung (창덕궁; 昌德宮)
Changgyeonggung (창경궁; 昌慶宮)
Deoksugung (덕수궁; 德壽宮)
Gyeongbokgung (경복궁; 景福宮)
Gyeonghuigung (경희궁; 慶熙宮)

There is also a minor palace:

Unhyeongung (운현궁; 雲峴宮)

Temples and shrines:

Museums and galleries:

Outside the metropolitan area:

Higher Education

There is a large number of universities in Seoul. Seoul National University is considered the country's most prestigious university and is highly sought after. The other universities of the city include:

Transportation

Seoul's transportation boom dates back to the era of the Korean Empire, when the first streetcar lines were laid and a railroad linking Seoul and Shinuiju was completed. Ever since then, Seoul's transportation has greatly diversified, allowing it to become one of the greatest transportation hubs in Asia. Seoul has nine subway lines, nearly 200 bus routes and six major highways that interlink every district of the city with one another and with the neighboring metropolitan area, which is the world's most populous. The majority of the population now uses the public transportation system due to its convenience. Seoul is also linked to several other major South Korean cities by the KTX bullet train, Asia's fastest high-speed train, making commuting between cities extremely convenient for commuters and domestic tourists. In addition, in order to cope with all of these transportation modes, Seoul's metropolitan government employs several mathematicians to coordinate the subway, bus, and traffic schedules into one timetable.

Airports

There are two airports that serve Seoul. Gimpo Airport in Gimpo was the only and main airport for Seoul from its original construction during the Korean War. It also served as the country’s gateway to the world. Upon completion in 2001 Incheon International Airport in Incheon has changed the role of Gimpo Airport significantly. Incheon now is responsible for almost all international flights, while Gimpo serves mostly domestic flights. This has led to a significant drop in flights from Gimpo Airport. Meanwhile, Incheon International Airport has become, along with Hong Kong and Singapore, a major transportation center for East Asia. The two airports are linked to Seoul by a highway.

Recreation

Due to the efforts of the government in regard with the environment, Seoul's air pollution levels are now on par with that of Tokyo and far lower than those of Beijing. Seoul's metropolitan area accommodates six parks, including one currently being made. The Seoul Metropolitan Area is also surrounded by a green belt aimed to prevent the city from sprawling out over the neighboring Gyeounggi Province. These lush green areas are frequently sought after by people resting on the weekend and during vacations. In addition, Seoul is also home to three amusement parks: Lotte World, Everland, and Seoul Land. Of these, Lotte World is the most frequently visited. Other recreation centers include the former Olympic and World Cup stadia (the latter home to K-League soccer side FC Seoul) the Korea Finance Building, and the City Hall public lawn.