Saffir-simpson Hurricane Scale

The Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale is a scale classifying hurricanes by the intensity of their sustained winds, developed in 1969 by civil engineer Herbert Saffir and National Hurricane Center director Bob Simpson. Classifications are used to gauge the likely damage and flooding a hurricane will cause upon landfall. The Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale is used only to describe hurricanes forming in the Atlantic and northeast Pacific Oceans. Other areas use their own classification schemes. The Australian Bureau of Meteorology uses a 1-5 scale called tropical cyclone severity categories. Unlike the Saffir-Simpson Scale, severity categories are based on strongest wind gusts and not sustained winds. Severity categories are scaled somewhat lower than the Saffir-Simpson Scale, with a severity category 2 tropical cyclone being roughly equivalent to a Saffir-Simpson category 1 hurricane. The initial scale was developed by Saffir while on commission from the United Nations to study low-cost housing in hurricane-prone areas. While performing the study, Saffir realized there was no simple scale for describing the likely effects of a hurricane. Knowing the utility of the Richter magnitude scale in describing earthquakes, he devised a 1–5 scale based on wind speed that showed expected damage to structures. Saffir gave the scale to the NHC, and Simpson added in the effects of storm surge and flooding. The five categories are, in order of increasing intensity:
bgcolor="lightgreen" align="center" rowspan="5" | Category 1 bgcolor="gainsboro" | Sustained winds 33–42 m/s 74–95 mph 64–82 kt 119–153 km/h
bgcolor="gainsboro" | Storm surge colspan="2" | 4–5 ft colspan="2" | 1.2–1.5 m
bgcolor="gainsboro" align="right" | Central pressure colspan="2" | 28.94 inHg colspan="2" | 980 mbar
bgcolor="gainsboro" align="right"| Potential damage colspan="4" | No real damage to building structures. Damage primarily to unanchored mobile homes, shrubbery, and trees. Also, some coastal flooding and minor pier damage.
bgcolor="gainsboro" align="right" | Example storms colspan="4" | Hurricane AgnesHurricane Gaston
bgcolor="lightyellow" align="center" rowspan="5" | Category 2 bgcolor="gainsboro" | Sustained winds 43–49 m/s 96–110 mph 83–95 kt 154–177 km/h
bgcolor="gainsboro" | Storm surge colspan="2" | 6–8 ft colspan="2" | 1.8–2.4 m
bgcolor="gainsboro" align="right" | Central Pressure colspan="2" | 28.50–28.91 inHg colspan="2" | 965–979 mbar
bgcolor="gainsboro" align="right" | Potential damage colspan="4" | Some roofing material, door, and window damage. Considerable damage to vegetation, mobile homes, etc. Flooding damages piers and small craft in unprotected moorings may break their moorings.
bgcolor="gainsboro" align="right" | Example storms colspan="4" | Hurricane JuanHurricane BobHurricane Bonnie (1998)Hurricane Frances
bgcolor=yellow align=center rowspan="5" | Category 3 bgcolor="gainsboro" | Sustained winds 50–58 m/s 111–130 mph 96–113 kt 178–209 km/h
bgcolor="gainsboro" | Storm surge colspan="2" | 9–12 ft colspan="2" | 2.7–3.7 m
bgcolor="gainsboro" align="right" | Central pressure colspan="2" | 27.91–28.47 inHg colspan="2" | 945–964 mbar
bgcolor="gainsboro" align="right" | Potential damage colspan="4" | Some structural damage to small residences and utility buildings, with a minor amount of curtainwall failures. Mobile homes are destroyed. Flooding near the coast destroys smaller structures with larger structures damaged by floating debris. Terrain may be flooded well inland.
bgcolor="gainsboro" align="right" | Example storms colspan="4" | Hurricane FranHurricane IsidoreHurricane Jeanne
bgcolor=orange align=center rowspan="5" | Category 4 bgcolor="gainsboro" | Sustained winds 59–69 m/s 131–155 mph 114–135 kt 210–249 km/h
bgcolor="gainsboro" | Storm surge colspan="2" | 13–18 ft colspan="2" | 4.0–5.5 m
bgcolor="gainsboro" align="right" | Central pressure colspan="2" | 27.17–27.88 inHg colspan="2" | 920–944 mbar
bgcolor="gainsboro" align="right" | Potential damage colspan="4" | More extensive curtainwall failures with some complete roof structure failure on small residences. Major erosion of beach areas. Terrain may be flooded well inland.
bgcolor="gainsboro" align="right" | Example storms colspan="4" | Galveston Hurricane of 1900Hurricane HugoHurricane IrisHurricane Charley
bgcolor="#ff2020" align=center rowspan="5" | Category 5 bgcolor="gainsboro" | Sustained winds ≥70 m/s ≥156 mph ≥136 kt ≥250 km/h
bgcolor="gainsboro" | Storm surge colspan="2" | ≥19 ft colspan="2" | ≥5.5 m
bgcolor="gainsboro" align="right" | Central pressure colspan="2" | <27.17 inHg colspan="2" | <920 mbar
bgcolor="gainsboro" align="right" | Potential damage colspan="4" | Complete roof failure on many residences and industrial buildings. Some complete building failures with small utility buildings blown over or away. Flooding causes major damage to lower floors of all structures near the shoreline. Massive evacuation of residential areas may be required.
bgcolor="gainsboro" align="right" | Example storms colspan="4" | Hurricane CamilleHurricane GilbertHurricane Andrew
All wind speeds are based on a one-minute average. Central pressure values are approximate. Intensity of example hurricanes is at time of landfall.

See also

External links

 

<< PreviousWord BrowserNext >>
ingelheim
broussaisia
true finns
carpenteria
tony halme
decumaria
deutzia
fendlera
suburbicarian diocese
il risorgimento
fendlerella
jamesia
mock orange
west florida
east florida
votetoimpeach
van allen
james van allen
finale notation program
battle of yiling
coronal mass ejection
pascual cervera y topete
box kite
3rd rock from the sun
fully completely
sos (operating system)
fallout boy
national hurricane center (noaa)
day for night (tragically hip)
cheez tv
anerood jugnauth
spin city
norwegian labour party
charles de briot
governors of the habsburg netherlands
mikoyan gurevich mig 27
the american heritage dictionary of the english language
archbishopric of salzburg
mips os
archbishopric of bremen
old world babbler
robin tunney
neasden temple
the bill