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Radiation HardenedMicroelectronics designed for environments with high levels of ionizing radiation have special design challenges. A single charged particle of radiation can knock thousands of electrons loose, causing electronic noise, signal spikes, and in the case of digital electronics, incorrect results. This is a problem in the design of artifical satellites, nuclear power stations, and nuclear weapons. Many manufacturers of integrated circuits market a product line of radiation hardened (also known as RAD hardened or simply hardened) chips and sensors for their military, aerospace, and nuclear power customers. These are often based on their more mundane commercial equivalents, with some manufacturing and design variations that reduce the susceptibility to inteference. Typically, the hardened variants lag behind the cutting-edge commercial products by several technology generations due to the extensive development and testing required to produce a radiation resistant design. Techniques Examples * Sandia Labs manufactures an Intel Pentium variant.
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