ophrys

Other Definitions
ophrys (dict)

About 40 The genus Ophrys is a large group of orchids from the alliance Orchis in the subtribe Orchidinae. There are many natural hybrids. They are referred to as the "Bee orchids" because of the flowers of some species resemble the furry bodies of Bumble Bees and other insects. Their scientific name is derived from the Greek word "ophrys", meaning "eyebrow", referring to how high this genus is regarded. Ophrys was first mentioned in the book "Natural History" by Pliny the Elder (23-79 AD). They are terrestrial or ground orchids from central to South Europe, North Africa, Asia Minor, up to the Caucasus Mountains, but mostly around the Mediterranean. They are considered the most important group of European terrestrial orchids. During summer all Ophrys orchids are dormant as an underground bulbous tuber, which serves as a food reserve. In late summer/autumn they develop a rosette of leaves. Also a new tuber starts to grow and matures until the following spring; the old tuber slowly dies. The next spring the flowering stem starts to grow. During flowering the leaves already start to wither. Most Ophrys orchids are dependent on symbiotic fungi. Because of this, they only develop small alternate leaves. They cannot be transplanted due to this symbiosis. The shiny, basal leaves have a green or bluish color. They develop in autumn and may survive mild winters. The flowers surpass all other European orchids. Two to twelve flowers grow on an erect stem with basal leaves. They are absolutely unique not only because of their unequaled beauty, color range and exceptional forms, but also because of the ingenuity by which they attract insects. Their lip mimics several insects, such as that of a bee, a wasp, or a beetle, attracting and duping the right pollinator. This visual cue serves as a close-range attractant. This pollination mimicry is enhanced by producing the scent of the receptive female insect. This is the long-range attractant. These insect pheromones cause them to approach and investigate the flowers more closely. This all happens in a period that only males are active and females haven't appeared yet. The Bumblebee Orchid (Ophrys bombyliflora) is a typical example. It has flowers that look and smell so much like female Bumble Bees that males flying nearby are irresistibly drawn in by this chemical signal, stimulating them sexually. The insect gets so excited that he starts to copulate with the flower. This is termed pseudocopulation. The firmness, the smoothness and the velvety hairs of the lip are a further incentive for the insect to enter the flower. The pollinia inadvertently stick to the head or the abdomen of the male bumblebee. On visiting another orchid of the same species, the bumblebee pollinates its sticky stigma with the pollinia. The filaments of the pollinia have, during transport, taken such a position that the waxy pollen are able to stick to the stigma. Such is the refinement of the reproduction. If the filaments hadn’t taken the new position, the pollinia could not have pollinated the new orchid. Every Ophrys orchid has its own pollinator insect and is completely dependent on this species for its survival. Furthermore, duped males are not likely to return. They even ignore other plants of the same species. Therefore, only about 10% of an Ophrys population gets pollinated. This is enough to preserve the population, since each Ophrys orchid produces about 12,000 minute seeds.

Species

Ophrys aegirtica
Ophrys alasiatica (Cyprus).
Ophrys annae
Ophrys antiochiana (Turkey).
Ophrys apifera : Bee Orchid (Europe, Medit. to Caucasus).

Ophrys apifera var. apifera
Ophrys apifera var. bicolor
Ophrys apifera friburgensis
Ophrys apifera var. immaculata
Ophrys apifera var. trollii

Ophrys arachnitiformis : (Europa, Asia Minor, Syria)
Ophrys araneola : Small Spider Ophrys (Europe, Asia Minor)
Ophrys argentoriensis
Ophrys argolica (S. Greece to SW. Turkey).
Ophrys atlantica (S. Spain, Sicilia, NW. Africa).

Ophrys atlantica subsp. atlantica (S. Spain, NW. Africa). Tuber geophyte
Ophrys atlantica subsp. hayekii (Sicilia, Tunisia). Tuber geophyte

Ophrys aurelia
Ophrys aveyronensis
Ophrys aymoninii
Ophrys bertolonii : Bertoloni's Bee Orchid (W. & C. Medit.)

Ophrys bertolonii subsp. balearica (Baleares). Tuber geophyte
Ophrys bertolonii subsp. bertolonii (W. & C. Medit.) Tuber geophyte

Ophrys bilunulata
Ophrys bombyliflora : Bumblebee Orchid (Canary Is., Medit.)
Ophrys catalaunica
Ophrys ciliata
Ophrys cilicica (S. & SE. Turkey to N. Syria and Iran).
Ophrys conradiae
Ophrys cornutula (East Aegean Is.)
Ophrys crabronifera (C. & E. Italy, Croatia).
Ophrys cretica (S. Greece, S. Aegean Is.)

Ophrys dianica (Spain).
Ophrys dodekanensis (East Aegean Is.).
Ophrys drumana
Ophrys eptapigiensis (East Aegean Is.)
Ophrys eleonorae
Ophrys exaltata (NE. Spain to Italy).

Ophrys exaltata subsp. tyrrhena (Italy). Tuber geophyte.

Ophrys ferrum-equinum (Albania to SW. & S. Turkey).

Ophrys ferrum-equinum var. anafiensis (Greece) Tuber geophyte.
Ophrys ferrum-equinum var. ferrum-equinum (Albania to SW. & S. Turkey). Tuber geophyte.
Ophrys ferrum-equinum var. gottfriediana (Greece). Tuber geophyte.
Ophrys ferrum-equinum var. minor (Greece) Tuber geophyte.

Ophrys flavomarginata (Cyprus, Syria to Israel).
Ophrys fleischmannii (E. Medit.)
Ophrys forestieri

Ophrys fuciflora

Ophrys fuciflora ssp. elatior
Ophrys fuciflora ssp. fuciflora
Ophrys fuciflora ssp. gracilis

Ophrys fusca : Dark Bee Orchid (Medit.)

Ophrys fusca ssp. blitopertha (Aegean Is. to SW. Turkey) Tuber geophyte
Ophrys fusca ssp. cinereophila (S. Greece to N. Syria). Tuber geophyte
Ophrys fusca ssp. funerea
Ophrys fusca ssp. fusca (Medit.) Tuber geophyte
Ophrys fusca ssp. minima (France) Tuber geophyte
Ophrys fusca ssp. vasconica (SW. Europe). Tuber geophyte

Ophrys halia (East Aegean Is.).
Ophrys helios (Crete).
Ophrys holoserica (W. & C. Europe to Medit.)

Ophrys holoserica ssp. bornmuelleri (E. Medit. to N. Iraq). Tuber geophyte
Ophrys holoserica ssp. candica (SE. Italy to SW. Turkey). Tuber geophyte
Ophrys holoserica ssp. chestermanii (SW. Sardegna). Tuber geophyte
Ophrys holoserica ssp. elatior (France to S. Germany). Tuber geophyte
Ophrys holoserica nothosubsp. halicarnassia (Turkey). Tuber geophyte
Ophrys holoserica ssp. holoserica (W. & C. Europe to Medit.) Tuber geophyte
Ophrys holoserica ssp. lacaitae (Sicilia to S. Italy). Tuber geophyte

Ophrys holoserica ssp. maxima (Crete to SW. & S. Turkey, Israel). Tuber geophyte
Ophrys holoserica ssp. oxyrrhynchos (Sardegna to Sicilia, Italy). Tuber geophyte
Ophrys holoserica ssp. biancae (SE. Sicilia). Tuber geophyte

Ophrys iceliensis (Turkey).
Ophrys illyrica (Croatia).
Ophrys incubacea : Spider Orchid (S. Europe).
Ophrys insectifera : Fly Orchid (Europe).

Ophrys insectifera subsp. insectifera (Europe). Tuber geophyte
Ophrys insectifera nothosubsp. tytecaeana (France). Tuber geophyte

Ophrys iricolor (Medit.)

Ophrys iricolor subsp. iricolor (E. Medit.)
Ophrys iricolor subsp. maxima (Corse, Sardegna, Tunisia) Tuber geophyte

Ophrys isaura (S. Turkey).
Ophrys israelitica (Aegean Is. to Jordan).
Ophrys kopetdagensis ( Turkmenistan).
Ophrys kotschyi (Cyprus).
Ophrys latakiana (Syria).
Ophrys lindia (East Aegean Is.)
Ophrys lunulata (Sicilia to S. Italy).
Ophrys lupercalis

Ophrys lutea : Yellow Ophrys (Medit.)

Ophrys lutea ssp. lutea (W. & C. Medit.) Tuber geophyte
Ophrys lutea ssp. pseudospeculum (Medit.) Tuber geophyte

Ophrys lycia (SW. Turkey)
Ophrys lyciensis (Turkey).
Ophrys magniflora
Ophrys mammosa : Bosom Orchid (SE. Europe to S. Turkmenistan).
Ophrys marmorata
Ophrys maxima (Crete).

Ophrys morisii (S. Corse, Sardegna).
Ophrys negadensis (Greece).
Ophrys omegaifera Medit.)

Ophrys omegaifera ssp. dyris (S. Iberian Pen, Baleares, Morocco). Tuber geophyte
Ophrys omegaifera ssp. omegaifera (C. & E. Medit.) Tuber geophyte

Ophrys ortuabis (Sardegna).
Ophrys pallida (Sicilia, Malta, Algeria, Tunisia).
Ophrys panattensis (Sardegna). Probably a hybrid between O. argolica and O. lunulata
Ophrys parvula (East Aegean Is.).
Ophrys persephonae (E. Aegean Is.).
Ophrys picta
Ophrys pollinensis (Italy). Probably a hybrid between O. argolica and O. holosericea
Ophrys praecox (S. Corse to NW. Sardegna)
Ophrys promontorii (C. & S. Italy).
Ophrys provincialis
Ophrys pseudapifera
Ophrys pseudobertolonii (W. & C. Medit.)

Ophrys pseudobertolonii ssp. bertoloniiformis (W. & C. Medit.) Tuber geophyte
Ophrys pseudobertolonii ssp. pseudobertolonii (N. Italy) Tuber geophyte

Ophrys pseudomammosa (Greece to N. Turkey).
Ophrys reinholdii (Balkan Pen. to NW. Iran)

Ophrys reinholdii ssp. reinholdii (Balkan Pen. to SW. Turkey) Tuber geophyte
Ophrys reinholdii ssp. straussii (S. & SE. Turkey to NW. Iran) Tuber geophyte

Ophrys santonica
Ophrys schulzei (CS. & SE. Turkey to Lebanon and Iran)
Ophrys scolopax : Woodcock Orchid (Hungary, Medit. to Caucasus).

Ophrys scolopax ssp. cornuta : Horned Orchid (Hungary to Turkey). Tuber geophyte
Ophrys scolopax ssp. heldreichii (Greece to SW. Turkey, Cyprus) Tuber geophyte
Ophrys scolopax ssp. scolopax (Medit. to Caucasus) Tuber geophyte

Ophrys sicula : Lesser Yellow Bee Orchid (S. & E. Medit.)
Ophrys speculum : Mirror Bee Orchid (Medit.)
Ophrys sphegodes : Early Spider Orchid (W. & S. Europe to Turkey).

Ophrys sphegodes ssp. aesculapii (Albania to S. Turkey). Tuber geophyte
Ophrys sphegodes ssp. parnassica (Greece, Crete). Tuber geophyte
Ophrys sphegodes ssp. sphegodes (W. & S. Europe to Crimea). Tuber geophyte

Ophrys splendida
Ophrys spruneri (Sicilia to Israel)

Ophrys spruneri ssp. panormitana (Sicilia). Tuber geophyte
Ophrys spruneri ssp. spruneri (Greece to Israel) Tuber geophyte

Ophrys sulcata
Ophrys tenthredinifera (Medit.)
Ophrys turcomanica (NE. Iran).
Ophrys umbilicata (WC. Medit. to Iran).

Ophrys umbilicata ssp. attica (Corse to Iran).
Ophrys umbilicata ssp. umbilicata (E. Medit. to S. Iran). Tuber geophyte

Ophrys vasconica
Ophrys vernixia (Medit.)

Ophrys vernixia ssp. ciliata (Medit.) Tuber geophyte
Ophrys vernixia ssp. orientalis (Greece) Tuber geophyte
Ophrys vernixia ssp. regis-ferdinandii (E. Aegean Is. to SW. Turkey) Tuber geophyte
Ophrys vernixia ssp. vernixia (WC. & S. Portugal, N. Spain).Tuber geophyte

Ophrys zonata

Natural hybrids

Ophrys aghemanii (O. scolopax subsp. cornuta O. turcomanica) (Iran).
Ophrys albertiana (O. apifera O. holosericea) (Europe).

Ophrys albertiana nothosubsp. albertiana (Europe). Tuber geophyte
Ophrys albertiana nothosubsp. morellensis (O. apifera O. holoserica ssp. candica) (Italy) Tuber geophyte.

Ophrys alibertiana (O. spruneri O. tenthredinifera) (Crete).
Ophrys ambrosii (O. fusca ssp. minima O. vasconica) (Europe)
Ophrys angelensis (O. incubacea O. promontorii) (Italy).
Ophrys anomala (O. maxima O. scolopax ssp. heldreichii) (Crete)
Ophrys apicula (O. insectifera O. sphegodes ssp. araneola) (Europe).

Ophrys apicula nothosubsp. apicula (Europe). Tuber geophyte
Ophrys apicula nothosubsp. fabrei (O. insectifera subsp. aymoninii O. sphegodes subsp. arenosa) (Europe). Tuber geophyte

Ophrys argentariensis (O. crabronifera O. incubacea) (Europe)
Ophrys aschersonii (O. holosericea O. sphegodes) (Europe).
Ophrys azurea (O. promontorii O. pseudobertolonii) (Italy).
Ophrys barlae (O. bertolonii O. incubacea) (S. Europe).
Ophrys bastianii (O. magniflora O. scolopax ssp. scolopax) (Europe)
Ophrys battandieri (O. fusca O. lutea) (NW. Africa).
Ophrys baumanniana (O. cretica O. sphegodes) (Crete)
Ophrys bayeri (O. fusca O. omegaifera ssp. fleischmannii) (Cyprus).
Ophrys benoitiana (O. incubacea O. sphegodes ssp. lunulata) (Sicily).
Ophrys bergonii (O. saratoi O. scolopax ssp. scolopax) (Europe)
Ophrys bernardii (O. aveyronensis O. scolopax ssp. scolopax) (Europe)
Ophrys bilineata (O. bertolonii O. sphegodes) (Europe)
Ophrys bodegomii (O. passionis O. tenthredinifera) (Spain).
Ophrys borakisiana (O. fusca O. mammosa) (E. Aegean Is.).
Ophrys borgersiae (O. reinholdii O. spruneri) (Greece).
Ophrys boscoquartensis (O. biscutella O. sphegodes) (Italy).
Ophrys bourlieri (O. iricolor O. lutea O. tenthredinifera). (N. Africa).
Ophrys braunblanquetiana (O. fusca O. incubacea) (Corse, Italy).

Ophrys broeckii (O. arachnitiformis O. araneola) (Europe)
Ophrys burneriana (O. sphegodes ssp. cretensis O. spruneri) (Crete)
Ophrys campolati (O. promontorii O. tenthredinifera) (Italy.
Ophrys camusii (O. exaltata O. sphegodes) (Italy).
Ophrys carica (O. ferrum-equinum O. holosericea) (Turkey.
Ophrys carpinensis (O. biscutella O. scolopax ssp. cornuta) (Italy).
Ophrys carquierannensis (O. exaltata ssp. arachnitiformis O. fusca) (France).
Ophrys cascalesii (O. sphegodes ssp. araneola O. passionis) (France).
Ophrys chiesesica (O. drumana O. fuciflora) (Europe)
Ophrys chimaera (O. bertolonii O. sulcata) (Europe)
Ophrys chobautii (O. lutea O. vernixia ssp. ciliata) (SW. Europe).
Ophrys circaea (O. apifera O. bombyliflora) (Italy).
Ophrys clapensis (O. bombyliflora O. lutea) (France).
Ophrys composita (O. scolopax O. tenthredinifera) (France)
Ophrys corcyrensis (O. ferrum-equinum O. sphegodes) (Greece).
Ophrys cortesii (O. incubacea O. araneola) (France)
Ophrys cosana (O. bombyliflora O. incubacea) (France)
Ophrys costei (O. aveyronensis O. passionis) (France)
Ophrys couloniana (O. bertolonii O. promontorii) (Italy).
Ophrys cranbrookeana (O. exaltata ssp. arachnitiformis O. scolopax) (France).
Ophrys cugniensis (O. bertolonii O. lutea) (Sicilia).
Ophrys daneschianum (O. bertoloniiformis O. tenthredinifera) (France)
Ophrys delphinensis (O. argolica O. scolopax ssp. cornuta) (S. Greece).
Ophrys devenensis (O. holosericea O. insectifera) (Europe).
Ophrys diakoptensis (O. delphinensis O. spruneri) (Greece).
Ophrys domitia (O. bombyliflora O. lutea ssp. pseudospeculum) (France)
Ophrys domus-maria (O. apifera var. ? apifera O. morisii) (France)
Ophrys duvigneaudiana (O. araneola O. scolopax ssp. scolopax) (France)
Ophrys eliasii (O. fusca O. vernixia ssp. ciliata) (S. Europe).

Ophrys eliasii nothosubsp. conimbricensis (O. fusca O. vernixia) (Portugal) Tuber geophyte
Ophrys eliasii nothosubsp. eliasii (S. Europe). Tuber geophyte

Ophrys emmae (O. bertolonii O. vernixia ssp. ciliata) (S. Europe).
Ophrys enobarbia (O. bertolonii O. fuciflora) (France)
Ophrys epidavrensis (O. argolica O. sphegodes ssp. aesculapii) (Greece).
Ophrys estacensis (O. fuciflora O. splendida) (France)
Ophrys ettlingeriana (O. argolica O. umblicata ssp. attica) (Greece).
Ophrys extorris (O. holosericea O. insectifera O. sphegodes) (Austria).
Ophrys fabrei (O. araneola O. aymoninii) (France)
Ophrys fayacensis (O. arachnitiformis O. provincialis) (France)
Ophrys feldwegiana (O. ferrum-equinum O. tenthredinifera) (Greece).
Ophrys fernandii (O. bombyliflora O. vernixia ssp. ciliata) (France).
Ophrys ferruginea (O. fusca O. holoserica) (Italy).
Ophrys flahaultii (O. apifera var. ? apifera O. sphegodes) (France)
Ophrys flavicans (O. araneola O. bertolonii) (France)
Ophrys gauthieri (O. fusca ssp. fusca O. lutea ssp. lutea) (France)
Ophrys godferyana (O. arachnitiformis O. sphegodes) (France)
Ophrys grafiana (O. bombyliflora O. umblicata ssp. attica) (Greece)
Ophrys grampinii (O. sphegodes O. tenthredinifera) (Italy to Sicilia).
Ophrys grinincensis (O. provincialis x O. saratoi)
Ophrys gumprechtii (O. bertolonii O. holosericea ssp. parvimaculata) (Italy).

Ophrys gumprechtii nothosubsp. enobarbia (O. bertolonii O. holosericea) (Italy). Tuber geophyte
Ophrys gumprechtii nothosubsp. gumprechtii (Italy). Tuber geophyte

Ophrys heraultii (O. tenthredinifera O. vernixia subsp. ciliata) (Baleares).
Ophrys hoeppneri (O. bombyliflora O. sphegodes) (Italy).
Ophrys hybrida (O. insectifera O. sphegodes) (France)
Ophrys insidiosa (O. aegirtica O. apifera) (France)
Ophrys inzengae (O. bertolonii O. tenthredinifera) (France)
Ophrys jacquetii (O. araneola O. magniflora) (France)
Ophrys jarigei (O. fusca ssp. minima O. sphegodes)) (France)
Ophrys jeanpertii (O. araneola O. sphegodes) (France)
Ophrys joannae (O. atlantica O. iricolor) (N. Africa).
Ophrys kalteiseniana (O. ferrum-equinum O. reinholdii) (Greece to Turkey).
Ophrys kelleri (O. exaltata subsp. arachnitiformis O. incubacea) (France to Italy, S. Turkmenistan).
Ophrys kohlmuellerorum (O. scolopax ssp. scolopax O. sulcata) (France)
Ophrys kreutziana (O. kotschyi O. mammosa) (Cyprus).
Ophrys kulpensis (O. phrygia O. schulzei) (Turkey)
Ophrys kurzeorum (O. atlantica O. omegaifera ssp. dyris) (Spain) .
Ophrys laconensis (O. arachniiformis O. tenthredinifera) (France)
Ophrys leguerrierae (O. lutea ssp. ? O. araneola) (France)
Ophrys lievreae (O. iricolor O. tenthredinifera) (N. Africa).
Ophrys lithinensis (O. omegaifera O. sitiaca) (Crete).
Ophrys llenasii (O. incubacea O. scolopax) (SW. Europe).
Ophrys luizetii (O. apifera O. sphegodes ssp. araneola) (France)
Ophrys lumenii (O. bertolonii O. ciliata) (France)
Ophrys lupiae (O. bertolonii O. incubacea O. tenthredinifera) (Italy).
Ophrys lydia (O. mammosa O. vernixia ssp. regis-ferdinandii) (Greece to Turkey).

Ophrys lydia nothosubsp. lydia (Turkey). Tuber geophyte
Ophrys lydia nothosubsp. magnessa (O. mammosa O. vernixia ssp. ciliata) (Greece). Tuber geophyte

Ophrys lyrata (O. bertolonii O. incubacea) (France)
Ophrys macchiatii (O. sphegodes O. vernixia ssp. ciliata) (Sardegna).
Ophrys maladroxiensis (O. holosericea O. morisii) (Sardegna).

Ophrys maladroxiensis nothosubsp. daissiorum (O. holosericea ssp. chestermanii O. morisii) (Sardegna) Tuber geophyte
Ophrys maladroxiensis nothosubsp. maladroxiensis (Sardegna) Tuber geophyte

Ophrys manfredoniae (O. incubacea O. tenthredinifera) (Italy).
Ophrys maremmae (O. holosericea subsp. fuciflora O. tenthredinifera) (Italy).
Ophrys marmarensis (O. holosericea O. umbilicata) (E. Aegean Is.).
Ophrys mastii (O. ferrum-equinum O. spruneri) (Greece).
Ophrys methonensis (O. argolica O. tenthredinifera) (Greece).
Ophrys minuticauda (O. apifera O. scolopax) (France, Sardegna).

Ophrys minuticauda nothosubsp. donorensis (O. apifera O. scolopax ssp. conradiae) (Sardegna).
Ophrys minuticauda nothosubsp. minuticauda (France) Tuber geophyte

Ophrys mirtiae (O. sicula O. vernixia ssp. ciliata) (Greece).
Ophrys monachorum (O. exaltata O. fuciflora) (France)
Ophrys montis-angeli (O. biscutella O. tenthredinifera) (Italy)
Ophrys montis-leonis (O. arachniformis O. fuciflora ssp. fuciflora) (France)
Ophrys montserratensis (SW. Europe).

Ophrys montserratensis nothosubsp. montserratensis (Spain) Tuber geophyte
Ophrys montserratensis nothosubsp. neoruppertii (O. bertolonii O. scolopax) (France). Tuber geophyte

Ophrys moreana (O. argolica O. ferrum-equinum) (Greece).
Ophrys morensis (O. incubacea O. praecox) (Sardegna).
Ophrys mulierum (O. mammosa O. reinholdii) (Greece).
Ophrys nelsonii (O. insectifera O. scolopax) (France).
Ophrys neocamusii (O. arachnitiformis O. aurelia) (France)
Ophrys neorupperti (O. aurelia O. scolopax ssp. scolopax) (France)
Ophrys neowalteri (O. bertolonii O. sphegodes ssp. araneola) (France).
Ophrys obscura (O. fuciflora ssp. fuciflora O. sphegodes) (France)
Ophrys olbiensis (O. bombyliflora O. scolopax) (France).
Ophrys panattensis (O. conradiae O. morisii) (France)
Ophrys pano-lefkaron (O. iricolor O. mammosa) (E. Aegean Is. (Rodos) to Cyprus).
Ophrys pantaliciensis (O. incubacea O. vernixia subsp. ciliata) (Sicilia).
Ophrys paphosiana (O. kotschyi O. umbilicata) (Cyprus).
Ophrys peloponnesiaca (O. argolica O. mammosa) (Greece).
Ophrys peltieri (O. scolopax O. tenthredinifera) (N. Africa).
Ophrys personii (O. lutea O. tentherdiniffera) (Italy).
Ophrys perspicua (O. holosericea O. phrygia) (Turkey).
Ophrys pesseiae (O. morisii O. panattensis) (Sardegna).
Ophrys philippei (O. scolopax O. sphegodes) (S. Europe).
Ophrys pietzschii (O. apifera O. insectifera) (Europe).
Ophrys piscinica (O. incubacea O. lutea) (Italy).
Ophrys plorae (O. cretica O. spruneri) (Crete).
Ophrys poisneliae (O. insectifera ssp. aymoninii O. pseudobertolonii ssp. catalaunica) (Spain)
Ophrys provecta (O. bilunulata O. omegaifera subsp. dyris) (Spain).
Ophrys pseudofunerea (O.funerea O. sphegodes) (France)
Ophrys pseudofusca (O. fusca O. sphegodes) (S. Europe)
Ophrys pseudoquadriloba (O. lutea O. mammosa) (Greece).
Ophrys pseudospruneri (O. mammosa O. spruneri) (Greece).
Ophrys pugliana (O. holosericea O. oxyrrhynchos) (Italy).
Ophrys quadriloba (O. lutea ssp. lutea O. sphegodes) (France)
Ophrys quintartiana (O. ariadnae O. ferrum-equinum) (Greece).
Ophrys ragusana (O. bombyliflora O. exaltata) (France)
Ophrys raimbaultii (O. incubacea O. magniflora) (France)
Ophrys rainei (O. bombyliflora O. incubacea) (S. Europe).
Ophrys rasbachii (O. argolica O. vernixia ssp. ciliata) (Greece).
Ophrys rauschertii (O. apifera O. insectifera O. sphegodes) (Europe).
Ophrys raynaudii (O. argolica O. reinholdii) (Greece).
Ophrys rechingeri (O. ferrum-equinum O. mammosa) (Greece, Crete).
Ophrys regis-minois (O. cretica O. scolopax ssp. heldreichii) (Crete)
Ophrys rovittellii (O. exaltata O. tenthredinifera) (France)
Ophrys royanensis (O. drumana O. insectifera) (France)
Ophrys salvatoris (O. bertolonii O. biscutella) (Italy).
Ophrys samuelii (O. drumana O. scolopax ssp. scolopax) (France)
Ophrys sanconoensis (O. exaltata O. tenthredinifera) (Sicilia).
Ophrys sanctae-sofiae (O. iricolor O. vernixia ssp. ciliata) (Sardegna).
Ophrys sancti-leonardi (O. fusca O. tenthredinifera). (Italy).
Ophrys semibombyliflora (O. bombyliflora O. exaltata ssp. arachniformis) (Italy).
Ophrys simica (O. lucis O. tenthredinifera) (E. Aegean Is.)
Ophrys sivana (O. episcopalis O. holosericea ssp. candica) (Crete to Turkey).
Ophrys soller (O. apifera O. vernixia ssp. ciliata) (Baleares).
Ophrys sommieri (O. bombyliflora O. tenthredinifera) (Medit.)
Ophrys sorrentini (O. bertolonii O. tenthredinifera) (S. Europe).
Ophrys spanui (O. annae O. tenthredinifera) (France)
Ophrys spuria (O. bertolonii O. fusca) (S. Europe).
Ophrys stefaniae (O. ferrum-equinum O. iricolor) (Greece).
Ophrys sundermanniana (O. argolica O. spruneri) (Greece).
Ophrys telchinensis (O. ferrum-equinum O. lucis) (E. Aegean Is.).
Ophrys terrae-laboris (O. promontorii O. sphegodes) (Italy).
Ophrys todaroana (O. incubacea O. sphegodes ?)) (France)
Ophrys torrensis (O. argentaria O. pseudoscolopax) (Italy).
Ophrys triadensis (O. sicula O. tenthredinifera) (Greece).
Ophrys tuscanica (O. crabronifera O. tenthredinifera) (Italy).
Ophrys tytecana (O. aymoninii O. insectifera) (France)
Ophrys varvarae (O. cretica O. fusca) (Crete)
Ophrys vernonensis (O. biscutella O. promontorii) (Italy).
Ophrys vespertilio (O. apifera O. bertolonii) (Italy).
Ophrys vicina (O. holosericea O. scolopax) (France, SW. Sardegna).

Ophrys vicina nothosubsp. corriasiana (O. holosericea ssp. chestermanii O. scolopax ssp. conradiae) (SW. Sardegna) Tuber geophyte
Ophrys vicina nothosubsp. vicina (France) Tuber geophyte

Ophrys viglaensis (O. ferum-equinum var. minor O. pruneri) (Greece)
Ophrys vogatsica (O. reinholdii O. sphegodes) (Greece).
Ophrys waldmanniana (O. ferrum-equinum O. vernixia ssp. ciliata) (Greece).
Ophrys yvonneae (O. holosericea ssp. apulica O. incubacea) (Italy).

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