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Nanjing Nanjing (; Wade-Giles: Nan-ching; Postal System Pinyin: Nanking, formerly Jinling 金陵, Jiangning 江宁, and Tianjing 天京) is the central city of downstream Yangtze Basin and is a renowned historical and cultural city. It is the capital city of Jiangsu Province in the People's Republic of China (and is the official capital of Republic of China in accordance with the current Constitutional Law of the ROC). It is situated in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River at . Nanjing is called "The Capital of Education, Science, Culture, Art and Tourism". It was called The Capital of Heaven. Nanjing has been well known as the cultural and educational center in southern China for more than 1700 years. It is one of the four ancient capitals of China and was the capital for ten dynasties and/or kingdoms. It has been the political and economic center for southeastern china for more than a thousand years. Nanjing is also the transportation hub in eastern China and the downstream Yangtze River basin area. Nanjing is a popular tourist city, with large number of heritage tourist sites. Economy Nanjing was the political and economic centre for southeastern China for more than a thousand years. Now it is the second largest city in Yangtze River delta region after Shanghai. Its GDP per capita was 27128 (ca. US$3280) in 2003, ranked No.31 among 659 Chinese cities. History In 495 BC, the State of Wu established Yecheng (冶城) in today's Nanjing city area. The State of Yue conquered Wu and refounded the site as Yuecheng 越城 in 473 BC. The State of Chu established Jīnlng (金陵) in this area in 333 BC. The city has experienced numerous destructions and reconstructions. At least three subsequent cities were constructed: Jinkāng (建康) of AD 229 (it met total annihilation in AD 589 and became farmland thereafter), a later Jinling built in 914, and the early Ming capital Nnjīng constructed in 1366. The removal of the capital in 1421 to Peking, the better to face the Manchu threat, signals for Western economic historians a major shift in the economy of China, turning away for good from an economy based on ease of access to the sea. Nanjing was the capital of the Taiping Rebellion in the mid-19th century. After the Northern Expedition in 1928, the Kuomintang under Chiang Kai-Shek established Nanjing as the capital of China in opposition to a government in Beijing led by northern warlords, and an alternate government in Wuhan led by Wang Jingwei. After the completion of the Northern Expedition in 1931, Chiang's government became the only recognized Chinese government. In 1937 the city fell to the Japanese, who massacred prisoners-of-war, refugees and its residents during the Battle of Nanjing (see Nanjing Massacre). Chiang moved his government to Chongqing City, and the Japanese established a puppet government in Nanjing under Wang Jingwei. After the end of World War II, Nanjing was re-established as the capital of the Republic of China. In 1949, after the defeat of Chiang's forces on the Mainland, the capital of the People's Republic of China was established in Beijing. The Republic of China on Taiwan continues to recognize Nanjing as its "official" capital, while Taipei is deemed as only "temporary." Transportation Nanjing is the transportation hub in eastern China and the downstream Yangtze River area. Five means of transportation such as railway, waterway, aviation constitute a three-dimensional and mass transport volume traffic network all-round. Nanjing Port is a port for foreign trade leading to the Pacific ocean and western countries. The port area is 98 kilometres in full length and has 64 berths including 16 berths for ships with a tonnage of more than 10,000. Within Nanjing, there are over 60 highway long-distance passenger traffic lines leading to all parts of the province; the Tianjin-Pukou, Shanghai-Nanjing and Nanjing-Wuhu Trunk Railways meet in Nanjing which has become an important hub of railways linking north, east and central China. The main railway After extension, the Nanjing Lukou International Airport has more than 20 air lines leading to all major cities in the country. Airlines such as Air China and Southern China serve the city. With the start of construction of the new airport, Nanjing will have a modernized airport. There is an intricate system of buses for transporation inside the city. Taxis are also in no shortage. Being one of six major telecommunication hubs in the country, Nanjing has a telecommunication network which is composed of multiple modes and linking with all parts of the country and all countries in the world. Tourism Nanjing is a popular tourist city, with probably the largest number of heritage tourist sites in China. The lakes, rivers, mountains, forests, parks, squares, streets and buildings are integated to be a beautiful city. Famous tourist attractions include: Culture and Art - Nanjing Library: former National Central Library and Library of Chinese National Culture, the first public library in China and one of the biggest libraries in China.
- Nanjing Museum: former National Central Museum, the first modern museum in China and one of the greatest museums in China and the world.
Education Nanjing has been the educational center in southern China for more than 1700 years. Nowadays, it boasts with some of the most prominent educational institutions in the region, which are listed as follows； National Public Private Note: Institutions without full-time bachelor programs are not listed. Nanjing City Nanjing City(南京城) means the area surrounded by city wall, i.e., the ancient Nanjing city. See also: Treaty of Nanjing
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