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Munkacz (Hasidic Dynasty)The Rebbe of Munkacz (or Munkatch), Rabbi Chaim Elazar Shapiro (who led the community from 1913 until his death in 1937) was the most outspoken voice of religious anti-Zionism. He had succeeded his father, Rabbi Zvi Hersh, who had earlier inherited the mantle of leadership from his father Rabbi Shlomo Shapiro. This Hasidic dynasty was based in the town of Mukacheve, known as "Munkatch" or "Minkitch" in common Jewish usage. There was friction and acrimony between the Munkatcher and Belzer hasidim. However, along with the dominant Munkatcher hasidic community there co-existed smaller yet vibrant hasidic groups who were followers of the Rebbes of Spinka (Hasidic dynasty), Zidichov, and Vizhnitz. By the time of the Holocaust there were nearly 30 synagogues in town, many of which were shtibelech (small Hasidic synagogues). By 1851 Munkacz supported a large yeshiva, thereby demonstrating the communitys commitment to Talmudic learning and piety. In the spring of 1944 when there were nearly 15,000 Jewish residents of the town. This ended on May 30, 1944 when the city was pronounced Judenrein (free of Jews after ghettoization and a series of deportations to Auschwitz). After the Holocaust, Munkacz was re-established in Brooklyn, New York, in the United States and developed a close affinity with the Satmar (Hasidic dynasty).
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