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Laestadianism In AmericaThe Laestadian church arrived in North America with Scandinavian (especially Finnish) immigrants in the latter half of the 19th century, many of whom arrived to work in the copper mines of the Keewenaw Peninsula. Some of these new immigrants found themselves in conflict with older, established immigrants from the same countries, being generally poorer and less established, and hewing to the new, fundamentalist teachings of Lars Levi Laestadius. As a result, Laestadian congregations separate from the extant Scandinavian Lutheran churches were formed in Cokato, Minnesota in 1872 and in Calumet, Michigan in 1873. Family Tree of American Laestadian Churches (This chronology is confused because it is difficult to find unbiased accounts of these events. Contemporary primary sources tend to downplay the size and significance of the "other side", while historical accounts are sparse. Additions and corrections are welcome.) (This chronology mostly derived from http://lestadiolaisuus.info/lestadiolaisuus%20Amerikassa2/factsamerica.htm ) As of 2000, the following churches are believed to be active: First Apostolic Lutheran Church, Laestadian Lutheran Church, Apostolic Lutheran Church of America, Old Apostolic Lutheran Church, Finnish Apostolic-Lutheran Congregation, Independent Apostolic Lutheran Church. Terminology Each congregation generally has a name they call themselves, which frequently differ from the names used in this article. In particular, First Apostolic adherents would recoil at being labelled "Laestadian"; for them, "Laestadians" are the opposing side of the 1973 schism. In the interest of editorial clarity, this article uses an internally consistent naming scheme which differs from the names congregations apply to themselves. The term "Laestadian" is used as an umbrella to refer to all churches with a clear succession of belief from the teachings of Lars Levi Laestadius. The etymology of the term "Apostolic" is deserving of further research. The Finnish Apostolic Lutherans do not exhibit the traits of other Apostolic faiths (such as maintenance or restoration of the Apostolic Succession). Congregations and Concentrations As of 2000, significant concentrations of Laestadian adherents exist in the following locales: - Calumet, Hancock, Houghton, and nearby towns in Michigan (the "Copper Country")
- Bruce Crossing, Michigan
- Detroit, Michigan (northern suburbs)
- Minneapolis, Minnesota (northwestern suburbs)
- Cokato, Minnesota
- Duluth, Minnesota
- New York Mills, Minnesota (?)
- Menahga, Minnesota and surrounding area
- Virginia, Minnesota
- Esko, Minnesota
- Zion, Illinois
- Portland, Oregon
- Longview, Oregon (?)
- Phoenix, Arizona
- Marengo, Wisconsin
(additions welcome!) Beliefs and Characteristics American Laestadians practice varied degrees of fundamentalist christian belief. Most believers avoid alcohol; varying numbers of adherents avoid a number of "worldly" practices, including dancing, card-playing, cinema, television, high-school sports, popular music, and the performing arts (listed in approximate order of avoidance). However, caffeine is widely consumed and tobacco is generally tolerated. Family size tends to be large compared to the American average; most families in non-urban congregations have between 4 and 10 children, while most churches have a few families with 12 or 15 children. Birth control is, evidently, also avoided. Laestadian asceticism is distinguished from other American fundamentalist christians in that none of the above-mentioned pastimes is officially proscribed; rather, believers counsel each other and employ a reinforcing system of social feedback to encourage abstention. Active congregations provide social outlets in keeping with the beliefs of the church; nearly every weekend evening will find Laestadian teenagers congregating at one or another home. Laestadian churches teach that every human is a sinner and that every sin can be forgiven; forgiveness stems from the hearts of believers, not from ceremony or hierarchy. Some Laestadians practice lay confession whereby a member confesses to another member; in the Heidemanian tradition, some vestige of this practice remains in the liturgy but confession is not widely practiced. Most Laestadian congregations consider themselves the one, true christian church, and preach that all other christian churches (including other branches of the Laestadian tradition) are not true christians. Ceremony and Service in the Heidemanian tradition American Laestadian churches provide services in Finnish to varying degrees; in some churches circa 2000, every service is bilingual, while in others only special occasions merit translation, and in yet others all preaching is done in English. In any case, a believer may request to receive Communion in Finnish; another lay member of the congregation can deliver Communion if the pastor is not fluent. Communion is the only regularly practiced ceremony (performed once or twice a month, or every week, depending on congregation), and consists of unleavened wafers and wine substitute (often grape juice), delivered assembly-line fashion at a communion rail at the conclusion of Sunday services. Teenagers undergo Confirmation around age 13, after which they are eligible for communion. Other significant life ceremonies are baptism (performed during the first months of life, and rarely for adult converts) and marriage. Most congregations hold annual services, generally one week long, with guest preachers delivering evening sermons each weekday and three or more church services on the bracketing Sundays. Other than annual services, Christmas and Easter are the only celebrated holidays. External links References * Cradle to Grave: Life, Work and Death at the Lake Superior Copper Mines, Larry Lankton (Oxford University Press, 1991) ISBN 0195062639
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