kleptocracy

Kleptocracy (sometimes Cleptocracy) (root: Klepto+cracy) literally means rule by thieves. It is a pejorative, informal term for a form of government which represents the culmination of political corruption and an extreme form of the use of government for rent seeking. In a kleptocracy the rulers and their cronies (collectively, kleptocrats) use the mechanisms of government to tax the public at large in order to amass substantial personal fortunes. Kleptocrats may use various methods (eg. money laundering, anonymous banking) as a way of protecting and concealing their illegal gains. Kleptocratic states consistently tend to be economically, politically and socially unstable. That is, the political governance of such states typically consists of one set of kleptocrats displacing their predecessors by subversive or violent means. For much of its history Haiti was such a case. The economies of kleptocracies tend to perform badly, as the systematic corruption engendered by kleptocratic governance imposes a massive tax on enterprises. Kleptocrats realize that they have more to gain from taking a large share of a stable or shrinking pie than from a shrinking share of an increasing pie. Economies based on the extraction of natural resource (eg. diamonds and oil in a few prominent cases) can be particularly prone to kleptocracy, as the kleptocrats simply tax the Ricardian rent. In addition, kleptocrats routinely ignore economic and social problems in their quest to amass ever more wealth and power. As kleptocrats do not attempt to build or maintain functioning states, or even maintain large security forces for fear of coup d'tats, kleptocracies are generally incompetent in the face of social crises, and often collapse into prolonged civil war and anarchy. Historically, the socio-political environment associated with colonial rule has been particularly conducive to the later creation of kleptocracies, especially in Africa and South America. The creation of a kleptocracy typically results in many years of general hardship and suffering for the vast majority of citizens as civil society and the rule of law distintegrates. Governments generally recognized as kleptocratic include the Palestinian Authority under Yasser Arafat, Zaire (now the Democratic Republic of the Congo) under Mobutu Sese Seko, Indonesia under Suharto, Peru under Alberto Fujimori, the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia under Slobodan Milosevic, Zimbabwe under Robert Mugabe, Haiti under Papa Doc Duvalier and his son, Baby Doc Duvalier, North Korea under Kim Il-sung and his son Kim Jong-il, East Germany under Erich Honecker, Cuba under Fidel Castro, Iraq under Saddam Hussein, and Romania under Nicolae Ceausescu. Less extreme examples are Nationalist China under Chiang Kai-shek, the Philippines under Ferdinand Marcos and later under Joseph Estrada, Kazakhstan under Nursultan Nazarbayev and Puerto Rico under Pedro Rossell. Some observers use the term 'kleptocracy' to disparage democratic political processes which permit corporations to influence political policy. The use of kleptocracy in this context privileges one form of rent seeking over all others that are a normal concomitant of democracy. Some observers use the term 'kleptocracy' to mean political processes which permit business interests to influence political policy. Ralph Nader called the United States a kleptocracy in this sense of the word during the 2000 US presidential campaign.

Transparency International ranking

In early 2004, the anti-corruption watchdog Transparency International released a list of what it believes to be the ten most self-enriching leaders in recent years. http://www.laksamana.net/vnews.cfm?ncat=25&news_id=6841 In order of amount allegedly stolen, they are:

former Indonesian President Suharto (USD 15 billion $35 billion)
former Philippine President Ferdinand Marcos ($5 billion $10 billion)
former Zairian President Mobutu Sese Seko ($5 billion)
former Nigerian President Sani Abacha ($2 billion $5 billion)
former Yugoslav President Slobodan Miloević ($1 billion)
former Haitian President Jean-Claude Duvalier ($300 million $800 million)
former Peruvian President Alberto Fujimori ($600 million)
former Ukrainian Prime Minister Pavlo Lazarenko ($114 million $200 million)
former Nicaraguan President Arnoldo Alemn ($100 million)
former Philippine President Joseph Estrada ($78 million $80 million)

Kleptocracy

Transparency International ranking

See also