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Klein TransformationIn quantum field theory, the Klein transformation is a redefinition of the fields to patch up the spin-statistics theorem. Let's say we have two fields φ and χ such that, if x and y are spacelike separated points and i and j represent the spinor/tensor indices, -
Let's also suppose χ is invariant under the Z2 parity (nothing to do with spatial reflections!) mapping χ to -χ but leaving φ invariant. Obviously, free field theories always satisfies this property. Then, the PARITY of the number of χ particles is well defined and is conserved in time (even though the number of χ particles itself depends on the choice of which splitting into a free Hamiltonian and an interacting Hamiltonian we make in the interaction picture, which doesn't even exist for interacting theories (the number is typically infinite)). Let's denote this parity by the operator Kχ which maps χ-even states to itself and χ-odd states into their negative. Then, Kχ is involutive, Hermitian and unitary. Needless to say, the fields φ and χ above don't have the proper statistics relations for either a boson or a fermion. i.e. they are bosonic with respect to themselves but fermionic with respect to each other. But if you look at the statistical properties alone, we find it has exactly the same statistics as the Bose-Einstein statistics. Here's why: Define two new fields φ' and χ' as follows: -
and -
This redefinition is invertible (because Kχ is). Now, the spacelike commutation relations become -
Now, let's work with the example where -
(spacelike separated as usual) Let's assume once again we have a Z2 conserved parity operator Kχ acting upon χ alone. Let -
and -
Then, -
More than two fields But what if we have more than two fields? In that case, we can keep on applying the Klein transformation to each pair of fields with the "wrong" commutation/anticommutation relations until we're done. This explains the equivalence between parastatistics and the more familiar Bose-Einstein/fermi-Dirac statistics.
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