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Kiowa LanguageKiowa is a Kiowa-Tanoan language spoken by the Kiowa. Sounds Consonants The 21 consonants of Kiowa: | colspan="2" | | align="center" | Labial | align="center" | Dental | align="center" | Alveolar | align="center" | Palatal | align="center" | Velar | align="center" | Glottal | | rowspan="4" | Stop | voiced | align="center" | | align="center" | | | | align="center" | | | | voiceless | align="center" | | align="center" | | | | align="center" | | | | aspirated | align="center" | | align="center" | | | | align="center" | | | | ejective | align="center" | | align="center" | | | | align="center" | | align="center" | | | rowspan="2" | Affricate | voiceless | | | align="center" | | | | | | ejective | | | align="center" | | | | | | Nasal | | align="center" | | align="center" | | | | | | | rowspan="2" | Fricative | voiced | | | align="center" | | | | | | voiceless | | | align="center" | | | | align="center" | | | rowspan="2" | Approximant | central | align="center" | | | | align="center" | | | | | lateral | | align="center" | | | | | | Vowels The 24 vowels of Kiowa: | | align="center" colspan="4" | Front | | align="center" colspan="4" | Back | | | align="center" colspan="2" | oral | align="center" colspan="2" | nasal | | align="center" colspan="2" | oral | align="center" colspan="2" | nasal | | | align="center" | short | align="center" | long | align="center" | short | align="center" | long | | align="center" | short | align="center" | long | align="center" | short | align="center" | long | | High | align="center" | | align="center" | | align="center" | | align="center" | | | align="center" | | align="center" | | align="center" | | align="center" | | | Mid | align="center" | | align="center" | | align="center" | | align="center" | | | align="center" | | align="center" | | align="center" | | align="center" | | | Low | align="center" | | align="center" | | align="center" | | align="center" | | | align="center" | | align="center" | | align="center" | | align="center" | | Kiowa has phonemic oral, nasal, short, and long vowels. Kiowa also has four diphthongs of the form vowel + . | | align="center" | Front | | align="center" | Back | | High | | | align="center" | | | Mid | | | align="center" | | | Low | align="center" | | | align="center" | | Grammar Number Inverse number. Bibliography - Campbell, Lyle. (1997). American Indian languages: The historical linguistics of Native America. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-509427-1.
- Crowell, Edith. (1949). A preliminary report on Kiowa structure. International Journal of American Linguistics, 15, 163-167.
- Hale, Kenneth. (1962). Jemez and Kiowa correspondences in reference to Kiowa-Tanoan. International Journal of American Linguistics, 28, 1-5.
- Harrington, John P. (1947). Three Kiowa texts. International Journal of American Linguistics, 12, 237-242.
- Hickerson, Nancy P. (1985). Some Kiowa terms for currency and financial transactions. International Journal of American Linguistics, 51, 446-449.
- McKenzie, Parker; & Harrington, John P. (1948). Popular account of the Kiowa Indian language. Sante Fe: University of New Mexico Press.
- Merrill, William; Hansson, Marian; Greene, Candace; & Reuss, Frederick. (1997). A guide to the Kiowa collections at the Smithsonian Institution. Smithsonian Contributions to Anthropology 40.
- Merrifield, William R. (1959). The Kiowa verb prefix. International Journal of American Linguistics, 25, 168-176.
- Merrifield, William R. (1959). Classification of Kiowa nouns. International Journal of American Linguistics, 25, 269-271.
- Miller, Wick R. (1959). A note on Kiowa linguistic affiliations. American Anthropologist, 61, 102-105.
- Mithun, Marianne. (1999). The languages of Native North America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-23228-7 (hbk); ISBN 0-521-29875-X.
- Sivertsen, Eva. (1959). Pitch problems in KioK
- Takahashi, Junichi. (1984). Case marking in Kiowa. CUNY. (Doctoral dissertation).
- Trager, George L.; & Trager, Edith. (1959). Kiowa and Tanoan. American Anthropologist, 61, 1078-1083.
- Trager, Edith C. (1960). The Kiowa language: A grammatical study. University of Pennsylvania. (Doctoral dissertation, University of Pennsylvania).
- Trager-Johnson, Edith C. (1972). Kiowa and English pronouns: Contrastive morphosemantics. In L. M. Davis (Ed.), Studies in linguistics, in honor of Raven I. McDavid. University of Alabama Press.
- Watkins, Laurel J. (1990). Noun phrase versus zero in Kiowa discourse. International Journal of American Linguistics, 56, 410-426.
- Watkins, Laurel J. (1993). The discourse functions of Kiowa switch reference. International Journal of American Linguistics, 59, 137-164.
- Watkins, Laurel J.; & McKenzie, Parker. (1984). A grammar of Kiowa. Studies in the anthropology of North American Indians. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 0-8032-4727-3.
- Wonderly, William; Gibson, Lornia; & Kirk, Paul. (1954). Number in Kiowa: Nouns, demonstratives, and adjectives. International Journal of American Linguistics, 20, 1-7.
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