indirect self-reference

Indirect self-reference describes an object referring to itself indirectly. For example, define the function f such that f(x) = "x(x)". Then, the object f(f) = "f(f)". This object could be seen as indirectly referring to itself. This example is similar to the Scheme expression "((lambda(x)(x x)) (lambda(x)(x x)))" which evaluates to itself, and therefore implements an infinite loop without using any looping constructs. Indirect self-reference is special in that its self-referential quality is not explicit, as it is in the sentence "this sentence is false." The phrase "this sentence" refers directly to the sentence as a whole. An indirectly self-referential sentence would replace the phrase "this sentence" with an expression that effectively still referred to the sentence, but did not use the pronoun "this." An example will help to explain this. Suppose we define the quine of a phrase to be the quotation of the phrase followed by the phrase itself. So, the quine of:

  is a sentence fragment

would be:

  "is a sentence fragment" is a sentence fragment

which, incidentally, is a true statement. Now consider the sentence:

  "when quined, makes quite a statement" when quined, makes quite a statement

The quotation here, plus the phrase "when quined," indirectly refers to the entire sentence! The importance of this fact is that the remainder of the sentence, the phrase "makes quite a statement," can now make a statement about the sentence as a whole. If we had used a pronoun for this, we could have written something like "this sentence makes quite a statement." It seems silly to go through this trouble when pronouns will suffice (and when they make more sense to the casual reader), but in systems of mathematical_logic, there is generally no analog of the pronoun. It is somewhat surprising, in fact, that self-reference can be achieved at all in these systems. Upon closer inspection, it can be seen that in fact, the Scheme example above uses a quine, and f(x) is actually the quine function itself! Indirect self-reference was studied in great depth by W. V. Quine (after whom the operation above is named), and occupies a central place in the proof of Gödel's incompleteness theorem.

Indirect Self-reference

See also