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Galunggung Galunggung (Galoen-gong, Gunung Galunggung) is a stratovolcano on Java, Indonesia. The last major eruption on Galunggung was in 1982, which had a Volcanic Explosivity Index of 4 and killed 35 people. On the southeast slope of Galunggung Volcano on the densely populated island of Java, a hummocky deposit called the Ten Thousand Hills of Tasik Malaja drew the attention of European geologists in the early part of the 20th century. Dutch geologist B.G. Escher hypothesized that a breakout of a crater lake resulted in a watery landslide that formed the deposit. The hummocks were likely material left behind as the more watery parts of the slide flowed away. Austrian geologist F.X. Schaffer suggested that the hummocks might be manmade; as the local people cleared the land to make ricefields, they made dumps of the boulders and cobbles that they found. The dumps became hummocks, and were used as sites for homes and fruit trees, as they offered protections from hostile people as well as from the mosquitoes and rats of the rice fields. Schaffer noted that the volume of material might seem large for "occidentals but it is not beyond the powers of the numerous and industrious Malays." The horseshoe shape of Galunggung's crater and the nature of the hummocks, however, suggest a different cause for the formation of the Ten Thousand Hills. Since 1980, geologists from the Volcanological Survey of Indonesia and the U.S. Geological Survey have reinterpreted the deposit as a debris-avalanche deposit. Quarry exposures show pieces of the old volcano -- the block facies -- shattered but intact, that are similar to the deposits at Mount St. Helens and Mount Shasta. Radiocarbon dates of a lava flow within the deposit show that the debris avalanche is less than 23,000 years old. See also Source - Brantley and Glicken, (1986). Volcanic Debris Avalanches: Earthquakes & Volcanoes, v.18, n.6, p.195-206.
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