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Fundamental PolygonIn mathematics, each closed surface in the sense of geometric topology can be constructed from an even-sided oriented polygon, called a fundamental polygon, by pairwise identification of its edges. This construction can be represented as a string of length 2n of n distinct symbols where each symbol appears twice with exponent either +1 or -1. The exponent -1 signifies that the corresponding edge has the orientation opposing the one of the fundamental polygon. Examples Standard fundamental polygons An orientable closed surface of genus n has the following standard fundamental polygon: -
A non-orientable closed surface of (non-orientable) genus n has the following standard fundamental polygon: -
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