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Functional GroupIn ecology functional groups are collections of organisms based on morphological, physiological, behavioral, biochemical, or environmental responses or on trophic criteria.
In organic chemistry functional groups are submolecular structural motifs, characterized by specific elemental composition and connectivity, that confer reactivity upon the molecule that contains them. The following is a list of common functional groups. In the formulas, the symbols R and R' denote any group of atoms. | Chemical class | Group | Formula | Prefix | Suffix | | Alcohol | Hydroxyl | R−OH | hydroxy- | -ol | | Alkanes | Methyl | R−CH3 | methyl- (similarly for higher alkyl substituents: ethyl, propyl, butyl, etc.) | | | Alkenes | Alkene | R−CH=CH−R' | convert the part substituting for 'alk in the name of the alkane into the alk of the word'' alkene: ethane/ethene, propane/propene, butane/but'ene, etc.'' | -ene | | Alkynes | Alkyne | R−C≡C−R' | convert the part substituting for 'alk in the name of the alkane into the alk of the word'' alkyne: ethane/ethyne, propane/propyne, butane/but'yne, etc.'' | -yne | | Amide | Amide | R−C(=O)N(−H)−R' | name according to the parent amine and acid, respectively: alkyl alkanamide | | | Amines | primary Amine | R−NH2 | amino- | -amine | | secondary Amine | R−N(−H)−R' | amino- | -amine | | tertiary Amine | R−N(−R')−R | amino- | -amine | | Azo | Azo | R-N=N-R' | | | | | Nitrile | R−C≡N | alkyl nitrile | | | | Pyridyl | R−C5H4N | | | | Carboxylic acid | Carboxyl | R−C(=O)OH non-ionized
R−C(=O)O−
ionized | hydrocarboxy- | -oic acid | | Carbonyl | Aldehyde | R−C(=O)H | | -al | | Ketone | R−C(=O)−R' | keto- | -one | | Imines | primary Imine | R−C(=NH)−R' | imino- | -imine | | secondary Imine | R−C(−H)=N−R' | imino- | -imine | | Ether | Ether | R−O−R' | named according to the parent alcohols, respectively: alkylalkylether | | | Ester | Ester | R−C(=O)O−R' | named according to the parent alcohol and acid, respectively: alkyl alkanoate | | | Halogens | Halogen | F,Cl,Br,etc. | | | | Isocyanates | Isocyanate | R−N=C=O | alkyl isocyanate | | | Isothiocyanate | R−N=C=S | alkyl isothiocyanate | | | Phenyl | Phenyl | R−C6H5 | | | | Benzyl | Benzyl | R−CH2−C6H5 | benzyl | | | | Phosphodiester | R−OP(=O)2O−R' | | | | Thiol | sulfhydryl group | R−SH | | -thiol | | | Thioether | R−S−R' | | | Combining the names of functional groups with the names of the parent alkanes generates a powerful systematic nomenclature for naming organic compounds. The non-hydrogen atoms of functional groups are always associated with each other and with the rest of the molecule by covalent bonds. When the group of atoms is associated with the rest of the molecule primarily by ionic forces, the group is referred to more properly as a polyatomic ion or complex ion. And all of these are called radicals, by a meaning of the term radical that predates the free radical. The first carbon after the carbon that attaches to the functional group is called the alpha carbon.
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