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Franois Duvalierright Franois Duvalier known as "Papa Doc" (possibly April 14, 1907 - April 21, 1971) was the President of Haiti from 1957 and later dictator from 1964 until his death. Early life He was raised in Port-au-Prince and trained as a doctor, serving in rural areas. There he won acclaim for helping the poor fight typhus and other diseases. He married Simone Ovide in 1939, and became director general of the national health service in 1946. In 1949, he served as minister of both health and labour. After opposing the coup of Paul Magloire, he was forced into hiding until an amnesty in 1956.Francois Duvalier has been the misunderstood President of Haiti. In spite of the crimes committed during his leadership, he is still remembered as one of the most nationalist and proud President of Haiti. For him , the defense of the sovereignty and of the territorial integrity of Haiti was very important. He did not received "dictat" from anybody and was a vehement partisan of the doctrine of the non intervention and the autodetermination of all countries.If he was not loved because of the savagery of his government, he was nevertheless respected and sometimes admired by many haitians. Elected in 1957 Backed by the army, Duvalier won the 1957 Haitian elections; he had campaigned as a populist leader, attacking the "noirist" elite. Duvalier revived the traditions of vodun and later used them to consolidate his power, claiming to be a hougan himself. Duvalier deliberately modeled his image on that of Baron Samedi in an effort to make himself even more imposing. Consolidated power He worked to consolidate his rule; after surviving a coup in mid-1958, he purged the army. He then rewrote the constitution and then won the 1961 election: the official count was 1.32 million votes for Duvalier and none against. He established himself as president for life in 1964 and his rule assumed a more brutal and repressive character. Wary of the army, he created a militia in 1959, known as the MVSN (Milice de Volontaires de la Scurit Nationale), patterned after the Italian Blackshirts from 1962, to protect his power outside the capital. The MVSN became better known as the Tonton Macoute (or Makout). Because they received no official salary, they had to make their living through crime and extortion. To protect his person, Duvalier used the Garde Prsidentielle. 'President-for-life' Duvalier came under pressure from the government of John F. Kennedy due to evidence of corruption over aid. Aid was officially suspended in 1962 but the pressure eased following the death of Kennedy. The country assumed the mantle of an anti-communist presence to balance that of nearby Cuba. After Kennedy's assassination, Duvalier claimed that the killing was a result of his placing a curse on Kennedy. In April 1963, Haiti was almost attacked by the Dominican Republic. Only the lack of senior military support for Juan Bosch y Gavio prevented the Dominicans invading; instead, the conflict was mediated by the OAS. By the mid-1960s it was clear that Duvalier had no intention of stepping down. In June of 1964 he was proclaimed president for life and began to create a personality cult around the image of himself as the physical embodiment of the Haitian nation. His proclamation as President for life was the result of all the invasions he was forced to fight before 1964. Duvalier said that he knew that his predecessors { Lescot, Estime, Magloire }were forced to leave the Presidency in infamy because they all tried to remain in power after the mandate for which they were elected. In his case, he did not want to leave the Presidency without constructing the country. Since his arrival on October 22, 1957, his ennemies did not leave him the time he need to build the country. More than ten invasions forced him to decide to remain in power. In 1957, his real desires were to live the offices in May 15, 1963. Reign of terror Within the country Duvalier used both political murder and expulsion to suppress his opponents; estimates of those killed are as high as three thousands. Attacks on Duvalier from within the military were treated as especially serious; in 1967 bombs detonated near the Presidential Palace led to the execution of twenty Garde Prsidentielle officers. His reign of terror kept the country in his grip until his death in early 1971, after he had set his 19-year-old son Jean-Claude Duvalier to succeed him. Tortuga freeport Beginning in 1967, Texas entrepreneur Don Pierson came into contact with representatives of the Haitian government in Washington, DC, while he was attempting to lease or sell a ship which had been used by Swinging Radio England broadcasting off the coast of England. In 1971 this marketing effort resulted in a 99-year contract being drawn up between financial interests represented by Don Pierson and the government of Haiti, for the development of a freeport on the island of Tortuga, which is the same year that "Papa Doc" died. His son "Baby Doc" then took power and upon learning of a new multimillion dollar contract between the Freeport and Gulf Oil Corporation, Jean-Claude Duvalier expropriated the entire venture, causing it to collapse in 1974. Duvalier, Franois Duvalier, Franois Duvalier, Franois
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