exponential distribution

In probability theory and statistics, the exponential distribution is a continuous probability distribution.

Specification of the exponential distribution

Probability density function

The probability density function (pdf) of the Exponential(λ) distribution is

f(x) = \lambda e^{-\lambda x}, \!

for x ≥ 0 and where λ > 0 is a parameter of the distribution. Alternatively, the exponential distribution can be parameterized by a scale parameter μ = 1/λ, as follows:

g(x) = \frac{1}{\mu} e^{-x/\mu}, \!

where

\mu>0

Cumulative distribution function

The cumulative distribution function is given by

F(x) = 1-e^{-\lambda x}. \!

Quantile function

The inverse cumulative distribution function is

F^{-1}(p) = \frac{-\ln(1-p)}{\lambda}, \!

for 0 ≤ p < 1.

Occurrence

The exponential distribution is used to model Poisson processes, which are situations in which an object initially in state A can change to state B with constant probability per unit time λ. The time at which the state actually changes is described by an exponential random variable with parameter λ. Therefore, the integral from 0 to T over f is the probability that the object is in state B at time T. The exponential distribution may be viewed as a continuous counterpart of the geometric distribution, which describes the number of Bernoulli trials necessary for a discrete process to change state. In contrast, the exponential distribution describes the time for a continuous process to change state. Examples of variables that are approximately exponentially distributed are:

the time until you have your next car accident;
the distance between mutations on a DNA strand;
the distance between roadkill;
the time until a radioactive particle decays;
the lifetime of an incandescent light bulb;
the number of dice rolls until you roll 6 11 times in a row.
the time until a large meteor strike causes a mass extinction event

Properties

Memorylessness

An important property of the exponential distribution is that it is memoryless. This means that if a random variable T is exponentially distributed, its conditional probability obeys

P(T > s + t\; |\; T > t) = P(T > s) \;\; \hbox{for all}\ s, t \ge 0.

This says that the conditional probability that we need to wait, for example, more than another 10 seconds before the first arrival, given that the first arrival has not yet happened after 30 seconds, is no different from the initial probability that we need to wait more than 10 seconds for the first arrival. This is often misunderstood by students taking courses on probability: the fact that P(T > 40 | T > 30) = P(T > 10) does not mean that the events T > 40 and T > 10 are independent. To summarize: "memorylessness" of the probability distribution of the waiting time T until the first arrival means

\mathrm{(Right)}\ P(T>40 \mid T>30)=P(T>10).

It does not mean

\mathrm{(Wrong)}\ P(T>40 \mid T>30)=P(T>40).

(That would be independence. These two events are not independent.)

Quartiles

The quartiles of an Exponential(λ) random variable are as follows:

first quartile: ln(4/3)/λ
median: ln(2)/λ
third quartile: ln(4)/λ

Parameter estimation

Maximum likelihood

The likelihood function of an independent and identically distributed sample x = (x₁, ..., x_n) is

L(\lambda) = \prod_{i=1}^n \lambda \, \exp(-\lambda x_i) = \lambda^n \, \exp\!\left(\!-\lambda \sum_{i=1}^n x_i\right)=\lambda^n\exp\left(-\lambda n \overline{x}\right)

where

\overline{x}={1 \over n}\sum_{i=1}^n x_i

is the sample mean. The derivative of the likelihood function is

\frac{\mathrm{d}}{\mathrm{d}\lambda} \ln L(\lambda) = \frac{\mathrm{d}}{\mathrm{d}\lambda} \left( n \ln(\lambda) - \lambda n\overline{x} \right) = {n \over \lambda}-n\overline{x}\ \left\{\begin{matrix} > 0 & \mbox{if}\ 0 < \lambda < 1/\overline{x}, \\  \\ = 0 & \mbox{if}\ \lambda = 1/\overline{x}, \\  \\ < 0 & \mbox{if}\ \lambda > 1/\overline{x}. \end{matrix}\right.

Consequently the maximum likelihood estimate is

\widehat{\lambda} = \frac1{\overline{x}}

Bayesian inference

The conjugate prior for the exponential distribution is the gamma distribution (of which the exponential distribution is a special case). The following parameterization of the gamma pdf is useful:

\mathrm{Gamma}(\lambda \,|\, \alpha, \beta) = \frac{\beta^{\alpha}}{\Gamma(\alpha)} \, \lambda^{\alpha-1} \, \exp(-\lambda\,\beta) \!

The posterior distribution p can then be expressed in terms of the likelihood function defined above and a gamma prior:

pre> \| $p(\lambda) \!\!\!\!$ \| $\propto L(\lambda) \times \mathrm{Gamma}(\lambda \,\|\, \alpha, \beta)$ \|- \| \| $= \lambda^n \, \exp(-\lambda\,n\overline{x}) \times \frac{\beta^{\alpha}}{\Gamma(\alpha)} \, \lambda^{\alpha-1} \, \exp(-\lambda\,\beta)$ \|- \| \| $\propto \lambda^{(\alpha+n)-1} \, \exp(-\lambda\,(\beta + n\overline{x}))$

Now the posterior density p has been specified up to a missing normalizing constant. Since it has the form of a gamma pdf, this can easily be filled in, and one obtains:

p(\lambda) = \mathrm{Gamma}(\lambda \,|\, \alpha + n, \beta + n \overline{x})

Here the parameter α can be interpreted as the number of prior observations, and β as the sum of the prior observations.

Generating exponential variates

Given a random variate U drawn from the uniform distribution in the interval (0; 1], the variate

T=\frac{-\ln U}{\lambda} \!

has an exponential distribution with parameter λ.

Applications of the exponential distribution

Reliability theory makes extensive use of the exponential distribution. Because of the memoryless property of this distribution, it is well-suited to model the constant hazard rate portion of the bathtub curve used in reliability theory. It is also very convenient because it is so easy to add failure rates in a reliability model.

References

Eric W. Weisstein et al., Exponential Distribution at MathWorld. Electronic document, retrieved March 21, 2005.

<< Previous

Word Browser

Next >>

uffizi
power supply (star trek)
monastery
hurwitz polynomial
intellectual capital
corte
raster image processor
giulio racah
amaya
national center for supercomputing applications
ladin language

loudspeaker
assured destruction
first strike
sigmoid
lineprinter
bolzano
trento
cathedral
leeuwarden
1260s bc
pseudoprime

michigan technological university
the stranger (novel)
1270s bc
the man in the high castle
beyond this horizon
rocket ship galileo
academy award for best short film live action 2 reels
space cadet
red planet
humpty dumpty
augusta

between planets
academy award for best dance direction
augusta, maine
starman jones
geometric distribution
podkayne of mars
dark angel (tv series)
index fossil
libertarian national socialist green party
spiritual possession
general equilibrium