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Explorer Class SubmarineThe two Explorer class submarines were experimental vessels built for the Royal Navy to test a propulsion system based on the use of highly concentrated Hydrogen peroxide (HTP) and diesel fuel to achieve high underwater endurance and speeds. Germany had started experimenting with this technology early in the Second World War and developed it into the Walter cycle. They had built some experimental boats. One of these, the U-Boat 1407, which had been scuttled at the end of the war was salvaged and eventually recommisioned into the Royal Navy as HMS Meteorite. This eventually led to the construction of the two Explorer class experimental vessels, which used steam turbines, the steam being generated using heat from the interaction of high-test hydrogen peroxide (HTP), a catalyst and diesel oil. They used the Porpoise class hull, modified with with retractable superstructure fittings to help streamlining. The first, Excalibur, was commissioned in March 1958. They were very fast boats, with a top underwater speed of around 25 knots. Because of the use of hydrogen peroxide as a hair bleach, the submarines were nicknamed the Blonde Class. As well as providing experience with this type of technology, they also allowed the Royal Navy to practice against fast moving underwater targets. However the use of HTP was not successful, and there were several explosions. While effective this was rather dangerous because of the use of HTP which had lead to the loss of HMS Sidon and was later to lead to the loss of the Russian submarine Kursk. Both vessels were lost following accidents with HTP-powered torpedoes. When the United States developed a nuclear reactor which could be installed in a submarine, the HTP project was abandoned and the two boats were scrapped in 1969/1970. Other countries have since developed the concept of the non-nuclear Air-Independent Propulsion submarine to the point where it is a safe technology albeit as an auxilary power source to a conventional diesel-electric drive, although hydrogen peroxide has long been abandoned and liquid oxygen is generally now preferred. Ships
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