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Edward Victor AppletonSir Edward Victor Appleton (September 6, 1892 April 21, 1965) was an English physicist. After returning from active service in World War I, he became assistant demonstrator in experimental physics at the Cavendish Laboratory in 1920. He was professor of physics at the Univ. of London (192436) and professor of natural philosophy at Cambridge Univ. (193639). From 1939 to 1949 he was secretary of the Dept. of Scientific and Industrial Research. Knighted in 1941, he received the 1947 Nobel Prize in Physics for his contributions to the knowledge of the ionosphere, which led to the development of radar. For many years it had been postulated that there was a conducting layer in the upper reaches of the atmosphere. Marconi had been able to make his historic tranatlantic transmissions and to achieve this the signals had to be "bent if they were to reach their destination. In 1902 Oliver Heaviside and A E Kennelly independently proposed the idea of their being a conducting layer that reflected radio signals. In his work, Appleton had observed that the strength of the radio signal from a transmitter a on a frequency such as the medium wave band and over a path of a hundred miles or so was constant during the day but that it varied during the night. This lead to him to believe that it was possible that two radio signals were being received. One was traveling along the ground, and another was reflected by a layer in the upper atmosphere. The fading or variation in strength of the overall radio signal received resulted from the interference pattern of the two signals. To prove his theory, Appleton used the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) radio broadcast transmitter at Bournemouth England. This transmitted a signal towards the upper reaches of the atmosphere. He received the radio signals near Cambridge, proving they were being reflected. By making a periodic change to the frequency of the broadcast radio signal he was able to measure the time taken for the signals to travel to the layers in the upper atmosphere and back. In this way he was able to calculate that the height of the reflecting layer was 60 miles above the ground. External links Appleton, Edward Victor Appleton, Edward Victor Appleton, Edward Victor Appleton, Edward Victor
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