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CoronelismoCoronelismo was the system of machine politics in Brazil under the Old Republic (1889-1930). Known also as the "rule of the coronels", the term referred to the classic boss system under which the control of patronage was centralized in the hands of a locally dominant oligarch known as a coronel, particularly under Brazil's Old Republic, who would dispense favors in return for loyalty. The patron-client political machines of the countryside enabled agrarian oligarchs, especially coffee planters in the dominant state of So Paulo to dominate state structures to their advantage, particularly the weak central state structures that effectively devolved power to local agrarian oligarchies. In time, growing trade, commerce, and industry in So Paulo would serve to undermine the domination of the republic's politics by the landed gentries of the same state (dominated by the coffee industry) and Minas Gerais (dominated by dairy interests)—known then by observers as the politics of caf com leite ("coffee with milk"). Under Getlio Vargas, Brazil moved toward a more centralized state structure that has served to regularize and modernize state governments, moving toward universal suffrage and secret ballots, gradually freeing Brazilian politics from the grips of coronelismo. However, the legacy of the coffee oligarchs is still strongly visible. Brazilian politics is still known for being highly patrimonial, oligarchic, and personalistic.
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