control character

Other Definitions
control character (dict)

In computing, a control character or non-printing character, is a code point (a number) in a character set that does not, in itself, represent a written symbol. All entries in the ASCII table below 32 are of this kind, including BEL (which is intended to cause an audible signal in the receiving terminal), SYN (which is a synchronization signal), and ENQ (a signal that is intended to trigger a response at the receiving end, to see if it is still present). The Unicode standard has added many new non-printing characters, for example the Zero-Width Non-Joiner.

In ASCII

The control characters in ASCII still in common use include

7 (bell), which may cause the device receiving it to emit a warning of some kind
8 (backspace), used either to erase the last character printed or to overprint it
9 (horizontal tab)
10 (line feed), used to end lines in most UNIX systems and variants
12 (form feed), to cause a printer to eject a page
13 (carriage return), used to end lines of text on Mac OS and CP/M derivatives including DOS), and
27 (escape).

Occasionally one might encounter modern uses of other codes such as code 4 (End of transmission) used to end a Unix shell session or PostScript printer transmission. Code 27 (Escape) is a case worth elaborating. Even though many of these control characters are never used, the concept of sending device-control information intermixed with printable characters is so useful that device makers found a way to send hundreds of device instructions. Specifically, they used a series of multiple characters called a "control sequence" or "escape sequence". Typically code 27 was first sent to alert the device that the following characters were to be interpreted as a control sequence rather than as plain characters, then one or more characters would follow specifying some detailed action, after which the device would go back to interpreting characters normally. For example, the sequence of code 27, followed by the printable characters "[2;10H", would cause a Digital VT-102 terminal to move its cursor to the 10th cell of the 2nd line of the screen. Some standards exist for these sequences, notably ANSI X3.64 (1979), which was based on the behavior of VT-100 series terminals. But the number of non-standard variations in use is large, especially among printers, where technology has advanced far faster than any standards body can possibly follow.

How control characters map to keyboards

ASCII-based keyboards have a key labelled "Control" or "Ctrl" (sometimes referred to as "Cntl"), which is used much like a shift key, being depressed in combination with another letter or symbol key to cause the keyboard to generate one of these 32 control codes. The keyboard produces the code 64 places below the code for the uppercase letter pressed (basically, it clears bit 5 to zero). Pressing "control" and the letter "G" (code 71), for example, would produce the code 7 (Bell). Keyboards also have single keys that produce codes in this range. For example, the key labelled "Backspace" typically produces code 8, "Tab" code 9, "Enter" or "Return" code 13 (though some keyboards might produce code 10 for "Enter"). Modern keyboards have many keys that do not correspond to ASCII characters or control characters, for example cursor control arrows and word processing functions. These keyboards communicate these keys to the attached computer by one of three methods: appropriating some otherwise unused control character for the new use, using some encoding other than ASCII, or using multi-character control sequences. Keyboards attached to stand-alone personal computers typically use one (or both) of the first two methods. "Dumb" computer terminals typically use control sequences.

The design purpose

The control characters were designed fall into a few groups: printing control, data structuring, transmission control, and miscellaneous.

Printing control

Printing control characters tell where to put the next character. Carriage return says to put the character at the edge of the paper at which writing begins (it may or may not also move to the next line). Line feed indicates to put the next character at the next line in the direction new lines occur (and may or may not also move to the beginning of the line). Vertical and horizontal tab request the printer to move the print head to the next tab stop in the direction of reading. Form feed starts a new sheet of paper. Shift in and shift out were to select alternate character sets, fonts, underlining or other printing modes. Backspace moves the next position one character backwards, so the printer can overprint characters to make special characters.

Data structuring

The separators (group, record, etc) were made to structure data, usually on a tape, in order to simulate punch cards. End of media warns that the tape (or whatever) is ending.

Transmission control

The transmission control characters were intended to structure a data packet and control when to retransmit it if it has an error. The start of header was to mark the non-data section of a data packet--the part of a message with addresses and other housekeeping data. The start-of-text marked the end of the header, and the start of the text. End-of-text marked the end of the data of a message. A standard convention is to make the two characters preceding the end of text the checksum or CRC of the message. Escape was supposed to preface a binary value in a message that might otherwise be interpreted as a control character. For example, the value for binary 27 would be Escape Escape. Substitute was intended to request a translation of the next character from a printable character to a binary value, usually by setting bit 5 to zero. This is handy because some transmission media (such as sheets of paper produced by typewriters) only transmit printable characters. Cancel would stop a transmission of a packet. Negative acknowledge requests a retransmission of a packet. Acknowledge indicates that a transmission was received correctly. When a transmission medium is half duplex (that is, it can only transmit in one direction at a time), there is usually a master station that can transmit at any time, and one or more slave stations that transmit when they have permission. Enquiry is used by a master station to ask a slave station to send its next message. A slave station indicates that it has completed its transmission by sending end of transmission. The device control codes were originally generic, to be defined differently for each device. However, a universal need in data transmission is to request the sender to stop transmitting when a receiver can't take more data right now. Digital Equipment Corporation invented a convention which used 19, (device control 3, also known as control S, or "X-OFF") to "S"top transmission, and 17, (device control 1, AKA control Q, or "X-ON") to start transmission. This lets manufacturers control the transmission without "transmission control" wires in the data cable. This saves money and makes operation more reliable by reducing the number of connections in a cable. Data link escape tells the other end of the data link to end a session.

Miscellaneous

Many of the ASCII control characters were designed for devices of the time that are not often seen today. For example, code 22, "Synchronous idle", was originally sent by synchronous modems (which have to send data constantly) when there was no actual data to send. (Modern systems typically use a start bit to announce the beginning of a transmitted word.) Code 0, null, is a special case. In paper tape, it is the case when there are no holes. It's convenient to treat this as a non-existent character. Code 127 is likewise a special case. Its code is all-bits-on in binary, which made it easy to erase a section of paper tape, a common storage medium of the day, by punching all the holes. Paper tape became obsolete quickly, so this feature was almost never used. But because its code is in the range occupied by other printable characters, many computers used it as an additional printable character (often an all-black "box" character useful for erasing text by overprinting).

Tables

Seven-bit ASCII defines 33 codes, 0 through 31 and 127, as control characters. Control Characters in US-ASCII>

eq!!Dec!!Hex!!Abbr!!align="left"\|Character name
\|\|00\|\|0x00\|\|NUL\|\|Null
^A	01	0x01	SOH	Start of Heading
^B	02	0x02	STX	Start of Text
^C	03	0x03	ETX	End of Text
^D	04	0x04	EOT	End of Transmission
^E	05	0x05	ENQ	Enquiry
^F	06	0x06	ACK	Acknowledge
^G	07	0x07	BEL	Bell
^H	08	0x08	BS	Backspace
^I	09	0x09	HT	Horizontal Tab
^J	10	0x0A	LF	Line Feed
^K	11	0x0B	VT	Vertical Tab
^L	12	0x0C	FF	Form Feed
^M	13	0x0D	CR	Carriage Return
^N	14	0x0E	SO	Shift Out
^O	15	0x0F	SI	Shift In
^P	16	0x10	DLE	Data Link Escape
^Q	17	0x11	DC1	Device Control 1
^R	18	0x12	DC2	Device Control 2
^S	19	0x13	DC3	Device Control 3
^T	20	0x14	DC4	Device Control 4
^U	21	0x15	NAK	Negative Acknowledge
^V	22	0x16	SYN	Synchronous Idle
^W	23	0x17	ETB	End of Transmission Block
^X	24	0x18	CAN	Cancel
^Y	25	0x19	EM	End of Medium
^Z	26	0x1A	SUB	Substitute
^[	27	0x1B	ESC	Escape
^\	28	0x1C	FS	File Separator
^]	29	0x1D	GS	Group Separator
^^	30	0x1E	RS	Record Separator
^_	31	0x1F	US	Unit Separator
\|\|127\|\|0x7F\|\|DEL\|\|Rubout/Delete

The compatible 8-bit ISO-8859-1 additionally maps the 32 codes from position 128 through 159, which are unused in ISO/IEC 8859-1, to control characters. Control Characters in ISO-8859-*>

ec!!Hex!!Abbr!!align="left"\|Character name
28	0x80	PAD	Padding Character
29	0x81	HOP	High Octet Preset
30	0x82	BPH	Break Permitted Here
31	0x83	NBH	No Break Here
32	0x84	IND	Index
33	0x85	NEL	Next Line
34	0x86	SSA	Start of Selected Area
35	0x87	ESA	End of Selected Area
36	0x88	HTS	Horizontal Tab Set
37	0x89	HTJ	Horizontal Tab Justified
38	0x8A	VTS	Vertical Tab Set
39	0x8B	PLD	Partial Line Forward
40	0x8C	PLU	Partial Line Backward
41	0x8D	RI	Reverse Line Feed
42	0x8E	SS2	Single-Shift 2
43	0x8F	SS3	Single-Shift 3
44	0x90	DCS	Device Control String
45	0x91	PU1	Private Use 1
46	0x92	PU2	Private Use 2
47	0x93	STS	Set Transmit State
48	0x94	CCH	Cancel Character
49	0x95	MW	Message Waiting
50	0x96	SPA	Start of Protected Area
51	0x97	EPA	End of Protected Area
52	0x98	SOS	Start of String
53	0x99	SGCI	Single Graphic Char Intro
54	0x9A	SCI	Single Char Intro
55	0x9B	CSI	Control Sequence Intro
56	0x9C	ST	String Terminator
57	0x9D	OSC	OS Command
58	0x9E	PM	Private Message
59	0x9F	APC	App Program Command