Beta Distribution

  {\mathrm{B}(\alpha,\beta)}\!|   cdf        =I_x(\alpha,\beta)\!|   mean       =\frac{\alpha}{\alpha+\beta}\!|   median     =|   mode       =\frac{\alpha-1}{\alpha+\beta-2}\! for \alpha>1, \beta>1|   variance   =\frac{\alpha\beta}{(\alpha+\beta)^2(\alpha+\beta+1)}\!|   skewness   =\frac{2\,(\beta-\alpha)\sqrt{\alpha+\beta+1}}{(\alpha+\beta+2)\sqrt{\alpha\beta}}|   kurtosis   =|   entropy    =|   mgf        =1  +\sum_{k=1}^{\infty} \left( \prod_{r=0}^{k=1} \frac{\alpha+r}{\alpha+\beta+r} \right) \frac{t^k}{k!}|   char       =| 
}} In probability theory and statistics, the beta distribution is a continuous probability distribution with the probability density function defined on the interval 1:
f(x) = \mbox{constant}\cdot x^{\alpha-1}(1-x)^{\beta-1}.
where \alpha and \beta are parameters that must be greater than zero. When the "constant" is included explicitly, the density looks like this:
f(x) = \frac{x^{\alpha-1}(1-x)^{\beta-1}}{\int_0^1 u^{\alpha-1} (1-u)^{\beta-1}\, du} \!
= \frac{\Gamma(\alpha+\beta)}{\Gamma(\alpha)\Gamma(\beta)}\, x^{\alpha-1}(1-x)^{\beta-1}\!
= \frac{1}{\mathrm{B}(\alpha,\beta)}\, x^{\alpha-1}(1-x)^{\beta-1}\!
where \Gamma and \mathrm{B} are, respectively, the gamma function and the beta function. The special case of the beta distribution when \alpha=1 and \beta=1 is the standard uniform distribution. The expected value and variance of a beta random variable X with parameters \alpha and \beta are given by the formulae:
\operatorname{E}(X) = \frac{\alpha}{\alpha+\beta},
\operatorname{var}(X) = \frac{\alpha \beta}{(\alpha+\beta)^2(\alpha+\beta+1)}.
On the other hand, with the expected value and variance of a beta random variable X given, the parameters \alpha and \beta are calculated by the formulae:
\alpha = \operatorname{E}(X) \left(
  \frac{\operatorname{E}(X)}{\operatorname{var}(X)}  \left- \operatorname{E}(X)  \right  - 1 
\right),
\beta = \alpha \frac{1-\operatorname{E}(X)}{\operatorname{E}(X)}
where 0 < \operatorname{E}(X) < 1 and 0 < \operatorname{var}(X) < \operatorname{E}(X) (1 - \operatorname{E}(X)).

Cumulative distribution function

The cumulative distribution function is
F(x) = \frac{\mathrm{B}_x(\alpha,\beta)}{\mathrm{B}(\alpha,\beta)} = I_x(\alpha,\beta) \!
where \mathrm{B}_x(\alpha,\beta) is the incomplete beta function and I_x(\alpha,\beta) is the regularized incomplete beta function.

Shapes

The beta function can take on different shapes depending on the values of the two parameters:
  • \alpha = \beta = 1 is the uniform distribution
  • \alpha = \beta is symmetric about 1/2 (red & purple plots)
  • \alpha < 1,\ \beta > 1 is U-shaped (red plot)
  • \alpha > 1,\ \beta = 1 is strictly increasing (green plot)
  • \alpha = 1,\ \beta > 1 is strictly decreasing (blue plot)
  • \alpha > 1,\ \beta > 1 is unimodal (purple & black plots)

 

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