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Aufbau PrincipleThe Aufbau principle (or Aufbau rule) is the rule that electrons in an atom fill the lowest available energy states before filling higher states. Due to electron-electron interactions and hybridization of orbitals, the simplest form of the rule -- that electrons in an atom will fill first the 1s states, then the 2s states, then the 2p states, then the 3s states, the 3p states, and the 3d states -- is sometimes broken. When using the rule, care must be taken to account for the relative availability of d orbitals in the transition metals, lanthanides, and actinides. A version of the principle can also be used to predict the arrangement of protons and neutrons in an atomic nucleus. The principle takes its name from the German Aufbau, "from the bottom", and is not named for any scientist.
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