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Ages In ChaosAges in Chaos is a book by the controversial writer Immanuel Velikovsky, first published in 1952, which put forward a major revision of the history of the Ancient Near East. He continued writing about this in Oedipus and Akhnaton (1960), Peoples of the Sea (1977) and Rameses II and his Time (1978). Velikovsky claimed in this book that the histories of Ancient Egypt and Ancient Israel are five centuries out of step. He began by claiming that the Exodus took place not, as orthodoxy has it, at some point during the New Kingdom, but at the fall of the Middle Kingdom. He identifies the Hyksos with the Biblical Amalekites, the Biblical Queen of Sheba with the Egyptian queen Hatshepsut, the Biblical Shishak king of Egypt with Pharaoh Thutmose III, and claims that the Egyptian Amarna letters from the late 18th Dynasty describe events from the kingdoms of Israel and Judah, roughly the time of King Ahab. Critique Several criticisms could be levelled at Velikovsky's work. His view that the Hittite Empire is simply an invention of modern historians, and that the supposedly Hittite archaeological remains in modern Turkey are actually Chaldean (i.e. neo-Babylonian) appears extremely problematic, and he only began to address the problems here in his fourth work on ancient history, Rameses II and his Time. We should also look at the whole approach Velikovsky adopted. When he published Ages In Chaos he said he had reached the halfway point of his historical reconstruction, and a second publication was due for publication shortly after this but was abandoned. Instead he followed this eight years later with Oedipus And Aknaton which even by his standards was a bit of an odd piece (or possibly a damp squib). It seems that he was playing games by putting forward unorthodox ideas over a wide range of issues. In fairness to Velikovsky, it does appear that very near the end of his life he did recognise the need to bring his reconstruction to a satisfactory conclusion, but the way he went about it by no means solved all problems. Two years before his death he returned to the mainstream of his reconstruction, Peoples of the Sea. Here he jumped to the end of his reconstruction. A year later he published Rameses II and his Time, another snapshot. At the time of his death he considered that completing his reconstruction would require two further works, The Assyrian Conquest and The Dark Age of Greece; his followers have since completed these works from his notes and put them online at The Immanuel Velikovsky Archive. External links
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