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Tocharian LanguagesTocharian is one of the most obscure branches of the Indo-European language group. It consisted of two languages, Tocharian A (Turfanian or East Tocharian) and Tocharian B (Kuchean or West Tocharian). These languages are attested for roughly the 6th to 8th centuries, before they were extinct, their speakers becoming assimilated to the expanding Uighur tribes. Both languages were once spoken in the Tarim Basin in Central Asia, now the Xinjiang province of China. The name of the language is taken from the Tokharoi Τόχαροι of the Greek historians (Ptolemy VI, 11, 6). These are identified with the Kushan Empire, and the term Tokharistan usually refers to 1st millennium Bactria. A Turkic text refers to the Turfanian language (Tocharian A) as twqry. Interpretation is difficult, but F. W. K. Mller has associated this with the name of the Bactrian Tokharoi. Tocharian is documented in manuscript fragments, mostly from the 7th and 8th centuries (with a few earlier ones) that were written on palm leaves, wooden tablets and Chinese paper, which had been preserved by the extremely dry climate of the Tarim Basin. Tocharian A and B are not intercomprehensible, and properly speaking, based on the tentative interpretation of twqry as related to Tokharoi, only Tocharian A may be referred to as Tocharian, while Tocharian B could be called Kuchean (its native name may have been kuśie), but since their grammars are usually treated together, the terms A and B have proven useful. The common Proto-Tocharian language must preceed the attested languages by several centuries, probably dating to the 1st millennium BC. The existence of the Tocharian languages and alphabet was not even guessed at, until chance discoveries in the early 20th century brought to light fragments of manuscripts in a then unknown alphabetic syllabary that proved, astonishingly, to be in a hitherto unknown branch of the Indo-European family of languages, which has been named 'Tocharian'. The alphabet they were using is derived from the North Indian Brahmi alphabetic syllabary and is referred to as slanting Brahmi. It soon became apparent that a large proportion of the manuscripts were translations of known Buddhist works in Sanskrit and some of them were even bilingual, facilitating decipherment of the new language. Besides the Buddhist and Manichaean religious texts, there were also monastery correspondence and accounts, commercial documents, caravan permits, and medical and magical texts, and one love poem. Many Tocharians embraced Manichaean duality or Buddhism. Tocharian has upset some theories about the relations of Indo-European languages and is revitalizing linguistic studies. The Tocharian languages are a major geographic exception to the usual pattern of Indo-European branches, being the only one that spread directly east from the theoretical Indo-European starting point in the Pontic steppe. Tocharian probably died out under after 840, when the Uighurs were expelled from Mongolia by the Kirghiz, retreating to the Tarim Basin. This theory is supported by the discovery of translations of Tocharian texts into Uighur. During Uighur rule, the peoples mixed with the Uighurs to produce much of the modern population of Xinjiang. Samples of the language have been discovered at sites in Kucha and Karasahr, including many mural inscriptions. | lign=center colspan=13 style="background:#ccf"| Tocharian vocabulary (sample) | | odern English !! Tocharian A !! Tocharian B !! Ancient Greek !! Latin !! Sanskrit !! *Proto-Indo-European | one
two
three
four
five
six
seven
eight
nine
ten
hundred
father
mother
brother
sister
(horse)
cow
(voice)
| sas
wu
tre
śtwar
p
şk
şpt
okt
u
śk
knt
pācar
mācar
pracar
şar
yuk
ko
vak
| şe
wi
trai
śtwer
piś
şkas
şukt
okt
u
śak
kante
pācer
mācer
procer
şer
yakwe
keu
vek
| heis
dyo
treis
tessares
pente
hex
hepta
okto
ennea
deka
hekaton
pater
meter
(phrater)
(eor)
hippos
bous
(epos)
| ūnus
duo
trēs
quattuor
quīnque
sex
septem
octō
novem
decem
centum
pater
mater
frāter
soror
equus
bos
vox
| eka
dvi
tri
catur
paca
ṣaṣ
sapta
aṣṭa
nava
daśa
śata
pitṛ
mātṛ
bhrātṛ
svasṛ
aśva
go
vāc
| *oinos
*duwo
*treyes
*qwetwor
*penkwe
*sweks
*septm
*oktou
*newn
*dekm
*kmtom
*p@2ter
*mater
*bhrater
*swesor
*ekwo
*gwou
*wekw
| See also References - "The Tarim Mummies", J.P. Mallory and Victor H.Mair, Thames&Hudson, ISBN 0500051011
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