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The American VoterThe American Voter, published in 1960, is a seminal study of voting behavior in the United States, authored by Angus Campbell, Philip Converse, Warren Miller, and Donald Stokes, colleagues at the University of Michigan. Among its controversial conclusions, based on one of the first comprehensive studies of election survey data (what eventually became the National Election Studies), is that most voters cast their ballots primarily on the basis of partisan identification (which is often simply inherited from their parents), and that independent voters are actually the least involved in and attentive to politics. The American Voter established a baseline for most of the scholarly debate that has followed in the decades since. Criticism has followed along several different lines. Some argue that Campbell and his colleagues set the bar too high, expecting voters to be far more sophisticated and rational than is reasonable. Some scholars, most notably V. O. Key, Jr. (in The Responsible Electorate) have argued, in part based on reinterpretation of the same data, that voters are more rational than The American Voter gives them credit for. Successors in the Michigan school have argued that in relying heavily on data from the 1956 presidential election, The American Voter drew conclusions which were not accurate over time; in particular, partisan identification has weakened in the years since 1956, a phenomenon sometimes known as dealignment (see realigning election). Warren Miller and Merril Shanks have revisited many of these questions in The New American Voter, which argues against the dealignment notion, preferring the term "nonalignment" based on their conclusion that the decline in partisan identification is mostly a matter of new voters not aligning with a party, rather than older voters abandoning their previous allegiances. Reference Maisel, L. Sandy. Parties and Elections in America: The Electoral Process (3rd ed.). New York: Rowman & Littlefield, 2002. pg126-140. American Voter, The American Voter, The
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