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SturmbannfhrerSturmbannfhrer was a paramilitary rank of the Nazi Party which was used by both the Sturmabteilung (SA) and the Schutzstaffel (SS). Translated as Storm Unit Leader, the rank originated from German Shock Troop units of the First World War where the title of Sturmbannfhrer would occasionally be held by the Battalion Commander. The SA title of Sturmbannfhrer was first established in 1921. In 1928, the title became an actual rank and was also one of the first established SS ranks. The insignia of a Sturmbannfhrer was four silver pips centered on a collar patch. The rank rated below Standartenfhrer until 1932, when Sturmbannfhrer became subordinate to the new rank of Obersturmbannfhrer. In the Waffen-SS, Sturmbannfhrer was considered equivalent to a Major in the German Wehrmacht. The rank of Sturmbannfhrer has also appeared frequently in fictional works and can be found mentioned in the novel Fatherland where the main character is a Sturmbannfhrer in the Kriminalpolizei. In the 1983 film The Keep, Gabriel Byrne portrays SS-Sturmbannfhrer Kaempffer, head of an SS-Einsatzkommando. In the film Apt Pupil, Ian McKellen portrays Kurt Dussander, a former Nazi concentration camp officer who held the rank of Sturmbannfhrer.
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