standard cantonese

Standard Cantonese refers to the most prominent dialect of Cantonese (Yue), a subdivision of spoken Chinese. It is spoken in and around the cities of Guangzhou, Hong Kong, and Macau, in China. Standard Cantonese is the official Chinese spoken language of Hong Kong and Macau. It is casually known as just Cantonese, which in academic context can also refer to the broader category to which it belongs, Yue Chinese or Yuyǔ (TC:粵語 / SC:粤语). Standard Cantonese is also known as the Guangdong dialect (Guǎngdōnghu 廣東話 / 广东话), though this is imprecise, since many other dialects are spoken in Guangdong province. It is more formally called the Guangzhou dialect (Guǎngzhōuhu 廣州話 / 广州话 or Guǎng-fǔ Bihu 廣府白話 / 广府白话).

History

Details to be completed later.

Phonology

Like any dialect, the phonology of Standard Cantonese varies among speakers. Unlike Standard Mandarin, there is no official agency to regulate Standard Cantonese. Below is the phonology accepted by most scholars and educators, the one usually heard on TV or radio in serious broadcast like news reports. Common variations are also described.

Initials

Initials (or onsets) are initial consonants of possible syllables. The following is the inventory for Standard Cantonese as represented in IPA:

a href="/encyclopedia/Labial-consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labials	Coronals	Sibilants
a href="/encyclopedia/Aspiration-(phonetics)" title="Aspiration (phonetics)">Unaspirated Stops	\| \| \| \| \|( ) \|( )
a href="/encyclopedia/Aspiration-(phonetics)" title="Aspiration (phonetics)">Aspirated Stops	\| \| \| \| \|( ) \|
a href="/encyclopedia/Nasal-consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasals	\| \| \| \| \| \|
a href="/encyclopedia/Fricative-consonant" title="Fricative consonant">Fricatives	\| \| \| \| \| \|
a href="/encyclopedia/Approximant-consonant" title="Approximant consonant">Approximants		\| \|( ) \| \|( ) \|

Notice the aspiration contrast and the lack of phonation contrast for stops. The sibilant affricates are grouped with the stops for compactness in displaying the chart. Some linguists prefer to analyze and as part of finals to make them analogous to the and medials in Standard Mandarin, especially in comparative phonological studies. However, since final-heads only appear with null initial, or , analyzing them as part of the initials greatly reduces the count of finals at the cost of only adding four initials. Some linguists analyze a (glottal stop) when a vowel other than , or begin a syllable. The position of the coronals varies from dental to alveolar, with and more likely to be dental. The position of the sibilants , , and are usually alveolar (, , and ), but can be postalveolar (, , and ) or alveolo-palatal (, , and ), especially before the , , or vowels. Some native speakers cannot distinguish between and , and between and the null initial. Usually they pronounce only and the null initial. See the discussion on phonological shift below.

Finals

Finals (or rhymes) are the remaining part of the syllable after the initial is taken off. There are two kinds of finals in Cantonese, depending on vowel length. The following chart lists all possible finals in Standard Cantonese as represented in IPA:

olspan=2\|	colspan=2\|	colspan=2\|	colspan=2\|	colspan=2\|	colspan=2\|	colspan=2\|
\|Long\|\|Short \|Long\|\|Short \|Long\|\|Short \|Long\|\|Short \|Long\|\|Short \|Long\|\|Short \|Long\|\|Short
- / -	\|\| \| \|\| \| \|\| \|\|\| \|\|\| \| \|\| \| \|\|
-	\|\| \|\|\| \|\|\| \| \|\| \| \|\| \| \|\| \| \|\|
-	\|\| \|\|\| \|\|\| \| \|\| \| \|\| \| \|\| \| \|\|
-	\|\| \| \|\| \|\|\| \|\|\| \|\|\| \| \|\| \|\|\|
-	\|\| \|\|\| \| \|\| \|\|\| \| \|\| \|\|\| \| \|\|
-	\|\| \|\|\| \|\|\| \| \|\| \| \|\| \| \|\| \| \|\|
-	\|\| \| \|\| \|\|\| \|\|\| \|\|\| \| \|\| \|\|\|
-	\|\| \|\|\| \| \|\| \|\|\| \| \|\| \|\|\| \| \|\|

Syllabic nasals: Comments to be added later, including alternative interpretion of short vowels.

Tones

Standard Cantonese has nine tones in six distinct tone contours. Tone name>

in Ping	Yin Shang	Yin Qu	Yang Ping	Yang Shang	Yang Qu	Shang Yin Ru	Zhong Yin Ru	Yang Ru
a href="/encyclopedia/Tone-contour" title="Tone contour">Contour	55 / 53	35	33	21 / 11	13	22	55	33	22
umber	1	2	3	4	5	6	7 (1)	8 (3)	9 (6)

For purposes of meters in Chinese poetry, the first and fourth tones are traditionally grouped in the "flat category" (平聲), while the rest are "oblique" (仄聲). In Hong Kong, the first tone can be either high level or high falling without affecting the meaning of the words being spoken. Most Hong Kong speakers are in general not consciously aware of when they use and when to use high level and high falling. In Guangzhou the high falling tone is more usual. It is interesting to note that there are not actually more tone levels in Standard Cantonese than in Standard Mandarin (three if one excludes the Cantonese low falling tone, which begins on the third level and needs somewhere to fall), only Cantonese has a more complete set of tone courses. Standard Cantonese mostly preserves the tones in Middle Chinese in the manner shown in the chart below.

olspan=4\|Standard Cantonese
one	Initial	Central Vowel	Tone Name	Tone Contour	Tone Number
owspan=2\|Ping	V–	rowspan=6\|	Yin Ping	55 / 53	1
+	Yang Ping	21 / 11	4
owspan=2\|Shang	V–	Yin Shang	35	2
+	Yang Shang	13	5
owspan=2\|Qu	V–	Yin Qu	33	3
+	Yang Qu	22	6
owspan=3\|Ru	rowspan=2\|V–	Short	Shang Yin Ru	55	7 (1)
ong	Zhong Yin Ru	33	8 (3)
+		Yang Ru	22	9 (6)

V– = voiceless initial consonant, V+ = voiced initial consonant. The voice distinction was found in Middle Chinese and has been lost in Cantonese, preserved only by tone differences. Comments to be added later.

Current Phonological Shift

Like other languages, Cantonese is constantly undergoing sound changes, processes where more and more native speakers of a language change the pronunciations of certain sounds. In Hong Kong, younger native speakers are unable to distinguish between certain phoneme pairs and merge one sound into another. Although that is often considered as substandard and is denounced as being "lazy sounds" (懶音), it is gaining popularity and is influencing other Cantonese-speaking regions. These are the observed shifts:

Merging of initial into initial
Merging of initial into null initial
Merging of and initial into and when followed by
Merging of ending into ending, eliminating contrast between these pairs of finals: -, -, and -.
Merging of ending into ending analogously.
Merging of the two syllabic nasals, into , eliminating contrast between 五 (five) and 唔 (not).

Today in Hong Kong, people still make an effort to avoid those merges in serious broadcasts and in education. Older people usually do not speak like that, but the majority of the younger generation does. Following the sound changes, the name of Hong Kong's Hang Seng Bank in Jyutping romanization, hoeng1 gong2 hang4 sang1 ngan4 hong4 (香港恆生銀行), becomes hoen1 gon2 han4 san1 an4 hon4, sounding like "Hon' Kon' itchy body bank". The name of the Cantonese language itself should be gwong2 dung1 waa2 ("Guangdong speech"), despite the fact that gong2 dung1 waa2 (sounding like "speak eastern speech") and gon2 dung1 waa2 (sounding like "chase away eastern speech") are overwhelmingly popular. The shift even affects the way some Hong Kong people speak English. This is especially evident in the pronunciation of certain English names. "Nicole" becomes li col, and "Leonardo" becomes leo la do. Prescriptivists who try to correct these "lazy sounds" often end up introducing hypercorrections though. For instance, in an attempt to ensure that people continue to pronounce the initial , words that historically should have a null initial end up being pronounced with . One of the most prominent examples is the word 愛, meaning "love." Even though the correct pronunciation should be oi3 (), it ends up being pronounced ngoi3 ().

Romanization

There are several major romanization schemes for Cantonese: Barnett-Chao, Meyer-Wempe, and Yale. While they do not differ greatly, Yale is the one most commonly seen in the west today. The Hong Kong linguist Sidney Lau modified the Yale system for his popular Cantonese-as-a-second-language course, so that is another system used today by contemporary Cantonese learners. The one advocated by the Linguistic Society of Hong Kong (LSHK) is called jyutping, which solves many of the inconsistencies and problems of the older, favored, and more familiar system of Yale romanization, but departs considerably from it in a number of ways unfamiliar to Yale users. Some effort has been undertaken to promote jyutping, but it is too early to tell how successful it is. However, learners may feel frustrated that most native Cantonese speakers, no matter how educated they are, really don't understand any romanization system. Apparently, there is no motive for local people to learn any of these systems. The romanization systems are not included in the education system neither in Hong Kong nor in Guangdong province.