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Roman Republic (19Th Century) - See also ancient Roman Republic and Roman Republic (18th century).
Roman Republic was a short-lived (four months) state established in February, 1849 when the theocratic Papal States were temporarily overthown by Carlo Armellini, Giuseppe Mazzini and Aurelio Saffi. According to the Roman Republic constitution, all religions could be practiced freely and the pope was guaranteed the right to govern the Catholic Church. Under the Papal States at that time, Judaism could be practiced freely by those who were born Jewish and not baptized, although Jews were in many respects discriminated against, and all other religions besides Catholicism and Judaism were forbidden except to visiting foreigners. Also, the Constitution of the Roman Republic was the first in the world to abolish capital punishment. In June, 1849, Pope Pius IX reestablished the Holy See's temporal power with military aid from France and Austria, but did not return to Rome itself until April 1850.
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