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Richard PipesRichard Edgar Pipes (b. July 11, 1923) is a Polish-American scholar who is a specialist in Russian history. Pipes was born in Cieszyn, Poland to an wealthy, assimilated Jewish family. His father was an diplomat with the Polish foreign office. By Pipes's own account, during his childhood and youth, he never thought about the Soviet Union; the major cultural influences on him were Polish and German culture. The Pipes family fled Poland in 1939 and arrived in the United States in 1940. Pipes became an U.S citizen in 1943. He was educated at Muskingum College and Cornell University. Pipes taught at Harvard University starting in 1950. He married Irene Eugenia Roth in 1946, and had two children with her. He has written nineteen books, including A Concise History of the Russian Revolution (1995) and Russia Under the Bolshevik Regime (1994), and has been a frequent and prominent interviewee in the press on the matters of Soviet history and foreign affairs. His writing also appears in the National Review, the New York Times and the Moscow Times. An leading Cold Warrior, Pipes has argued that the Soviet Union was totalitarian state bent on world conquest. Pipes is most famous for arguing that the orgins of the Soviet Union can be traced to the separate path taken by 15th century Muscovy. Pipes is Baird Research Professor of History Emeritus at Harvard University. In 1981‑1982 he was the National Security Council adviser on Soviet and East European Affairs, under President Ronald Reagan. He was also an adviser to Washington senator Henry M. Jackson during the 1970s. Works The Formation of the Soviet Union, Communism and Nationalism, 1917-1923 (1954) The Russian Intelligentsia (1961) Social Democracy and the St. Petersburg Labor Movement, 1885-1897 (1963) Struve, Liberal on the Left (1970) Russia Under the Old Regime (1974) Soviet Strategy in Europe (1976) Struve, Liberal on the Right, 1905-1944 (1980) U.S.-Soviet Relations in the Era of Dtente: a Tragedy of Errors (1981) Survival is Not Enough: Soviet Realities and America's Future (1984) Russia Observed: Collected Essays on Russian and Soviet History (1989) Russia Under the Bolshevik Regime: 1919-1924 (1993) Communism, the Vanished Specter (1994) A Concise History of the Russian Revolution (1995) The Three "Whys" of the Russian Revolution (1995) The Unknown Lenin: From the Secret Archive (1996) Property and Freedom (1999) Communism: a Brief History (2001) Vixi: Memoirs of a Non-Belonger (2003) The Degaev Affair: Terror and Treason in Tsarist Russia (2003) Pipes Pipes
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