Q-series

In mathematics, a q-series is defined as
(a,q)_n = \prod_{k=0}^{n-1} (1-aq^k)
usually considered first as a formal power series; it is also an analytic function of q, in the unit disc. The Euler function is given by
\phi(q)=\prod_{k=1}^\infty (1-q^k)
The coefficient of q^k in the Maclaurin series for 1/\phi(q) gives the number of all partitions of k. That is,
\frac{1}{\phi(q)}=\sum_{k=0}^\infty p(k) q^k
where p(k) is the partition function of k. The Euler identity is
\phi(q)=\sum_{n=-\infty}^\infty (-)^n q^{(3n^2-n)/2}
Note that (3n^2-n)/2 is a pentagon number. The Euler function is related to the Dedekind eta function through a Ramanujan identity as
\phi(q)= q^{-1/24} \eta(\tau)
where q=e^{2\pi i\tau} is the square of the nome. Note that both functions have the symmetry of the modular group. The Euler function also plays a role in describing the interior of the Mandelbrot set.

Q-analogues

There is a substantial theory constructing q-analogues of results, in particular in combinatorics and the theory of special functions. A q-analogue, roughly speaking, is a theorem or identity for a q-series that gives back a known result as the limit is taken, as q → 1, inside the unit circle.

See also

References

 

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