portuguese pronouns

The pronouns of the Portuguese language have flexions according to their number and, in case of some third person forms, also according to their gender.

Table of Personal Pronouns

N.	Per.	Subject	Direct Complement	Indirect Complement		Circumstantial Complement
N.	Per.	Subject	Direct Complement	Without Preposition	With Preposition	Circumstantial Complement
Sin.	1	eu	me	me	mim	mim, migo, eu
	2	tu	te	te	ti	ti, tigo, tu
	3	ele, ela, voc	se, o (lo, no), a (la, na)	lhe	si, ele, ela	si, sigo, ele, ela
Plu.	1	ns	nos	nos	ns	ns, nosco
	2	vs	vos	vos	vs	vs, vosco
	3	eles, elas, vocs	se, os (los, nos), as (las, nas)	lhes	si, eles, elas	si, sigo, eles, elas

Usage

Reflexive Forms

Reflexive pronouns are used when one wants to express the action is exercised upon the same person that exercises it or refers to such person. Examples:

"Vi-me ao espelho."
"No te levas muito a srio."
"De repente, vimo-nos perdidos na floresta"

In the third person, the reflexive pronoun has a form of its own, se - or si / sigo if preceded by a preposition. Examples:

"Hoje ele levantou-se cedo."
"Eles lavam-se sempre muito bem."
"O gato sabe bem cuidar de si."
"Os ladres levaram consigo tudo o que puderam."

The reflexive pronoun forms, when used in the plural (me and te are therefore excluded), may indicate reciprocity. In those cases, they do not have reflexive character - for instance, "as pessoas cumprimentaram-se" does not mean that each person complimented himself, rather they complimented each other. In some situations, this may create ambiguity; therefore, if one means "they love each other", one might want to say "eles amam-se mutuamente" or "eles amam-se um ao outro" (although "eles amam-se" will probably interpreted this way anyhow); if one means "each one of them loves himself", one should say "eles amam-se a si mesmos" ou "eles amam-se a si prprios". Sometimes, especially in the spoken Portuguese, ele mesmo, ela mesma, com ele mesmo, com eles mesmos, etc. may be used instead of si and consigo. Example: "Eles tm de ter confiana neles (em+eles) mesmos" or "Eles tm de ter confiana em si (mesmos)". Note: If the pronoun nos is placed after a first person plural verbal form (enclitic position) that ends with -s, the s falls. Examples: "Vamo-nos (vamos+nos) embora amanh" (=We shall leave tomorrow), "Respeitemo-nos mutuamente." (=Let us respect one another).

Si/sigo in EP

In European Portuguese, si and sigo can also be used to refer to the person to whom the message is directed in the formal treatment by "o senhor", etc. or in the treatment by voc. They are employed in the same circumstances ti and tigo would be used in the treatment by tu. Examples:

"J ningum se atreve a dizer nada a si." (=No one dare talk to you (singular) anymore.)
"Se voc no se importar, eu vou consigo" (=I'll go with you, if you don't mind)
"Quando estava a passar pela Praa do Chile, lembrei-me de si".
Not: "Vocs no sabem o que eu penso de si" (not used for the plural, the correct form is "...eu penso de vocs.").

Direct Object - variants

The third person forms o, a, os, and as may present the variants lo, la, los, las, no, na, nos, and nas.
Lo, la, los, and las are used after verbal forms ending in -r, -s, and -z, which are assimilated. Examples: sedu-la (seduz+la), f-lo (faz+lo), di-lo (diz+lo), destri-los (destris+los, different from destri-os, in which the verb is inflected in the Imperative Mode), come-la (comes+la, different from come-a), apanha-las (apanhas+las), am-lo (amar+lo), faz-lo (fazer+lo), partire-lo (partires+lo), tem-la (tens+la, notice how the n changes into a m). This also ocurrs when the pronoun is in a mesoclitic position: mat-lo-s (matars+lo), f-lo-ias (farias+lo), i-lo-ias (ir+lo), com-lo-ias (comer+lo).
The pronouns o, etc. present the same forms when they follow the personal pronouns nos and vos or the adverb eis. Examples: comeram-no-lo (comeram+nos+lo), "No vo-lo (vos+lo) quero dar a entender."
The variants no, na, nos and nas are used after a verbal form ending with a nasal dythong. Examples: comeram-nos (ambiguous, may either mean "they ate us" or "they ate them"), tem-na, pe-no.

Prepositioned Direct Object

In some cases, the direct object pronoun may take a preposition before. For this article, it is relevant because the pronouns listed under the column Indirect object with preposition may actually be used as a direct object, with an emphatic purpose after one of the atonic forms having been used. Example: "Nunca to disse a ti porque nunca mereceste a minha confiana", "Sempre te tratei a ti como o tratei a ele", "Eles repreenderam-se a si mesmos" (here need to clear an ambiguity).

Circumstantial Complement

The forms mim, ti and si are always preceded by a preposition.
The forms migo, tigo, sigo, nosco, and vosco and never isolated and always agglutinated with the preposition com, forming comigo, contigo, consigo, connosco (conosco in BP), and convosco.
The forms mim, ti, and si cannot be used when preceded by prepositions denoting exception. This includes: afora, fora, excepto, menos, salvo, and tirante. In those cases, eu, tu, ele, ela, eles and elas are used. Examples:

"Todos foram ao cinema excepto eu/tu." "Ele referiu toda a gente excepto ele mesmo." (not "Ele referiu toda a gente excepto si").

Contracted Forms

	me	te	lhe	nos	vos	lhes
o	mo	to	lho	no-lo	vo-lo	lho
a	ma	ta	lha	no-la	vo-la	lha
os	mos	tos	lhos	no-los	vo-los	lhos
as	mas	tas	lhas	no-las	vo-las	lhas

Notice how lhes+o is contracted into lho, not lhe-lo or lhos. This occurs because lhe used to be employed indistinctly for the singular and the plural and, while the agglutinated form suffered no alteration, lhe evolved into lhes for the plural number.