new zealand general election 1993

The 1993 New Zealand general election was a nationwide vote to determine the shape of the New Zealand Parliament. It saw the governing National Party, led by Jim Bolger, win a second term in office, despite a major swing back towards the Labour Party. The new Alliance and New Zealand First parties gained significant shares of the vote, but won few seats.

Background

Before the election, the National Party governed with sixty-four seats, while the opposition Labour Party held only twenty-nine. The 1990 election had been a major victory for the National Party, with the unpopular Fourth Labour Government being decisively defeated. The Labour Party had become increasingly unpopular for its ongoing economic reforms, which were based around liberalisation, privatisation, and the removal of tariffs and subsidies. The National Party was somewhat divided as to the merits of the reforms, with conservatives generally opposed and neoliberals generally in favour. The party had fought the 1990 election saying that the Labour government's program was too radical, and was being carried out without any thought of the human consequences - Jim Bolger spoke about "the Decent Society", promising a return to a more moderate and balanced platform. Once in government, however, the key Minister of Finance role was taken not by a moderate but by Ruth Richardson, who wished to expand, not end, the economic reforms. Many of the voters who had felt betrayed by Labour's reforms now felt betrayed by the National Party as well, a fact which contributed to the rise of minor parties. The Alliance, the largest "third party", was a broad coalition of five smaller groups - the NewLabour Party (a Labour splinter), the Democrats (a social credit party), the Greens (an environmentalist party), Mana Motuhake (a Maori party), and the Liberal Party (a National splinter). The Alliance held three seats in Parliament - one belonged to Jim Anderton, who had been re-elected under a NewLabour banner in the seat he had formerly held for Labour, while the other two belonged to the National MPs who formed the Liberal Party. In its first electoral test, the 1992 by-election in Tamaki, the Alliance had performed well, taking second place. Another smaller group was New Zealand First, a party established by former National MP Winston Peters. Peters had broken with his party after a number of policy disputes with its leadership, and resigned from parliament to contest his seat as an independent. After being overwhelmingly re-elected, Peters established the New Zealand First party to promote his views. Peters was the party's sole MP. Another consequence of dissatisfaction with both major parties was the referendum conducted along-side the 1993 election. This referendum asked voters whether New Zealand's electoral system should be changed from the first-past-the-post system to the MMP system, which would implement proportional representation (and thus make it easier for smaller parties to win seats). The referendum was part of the larger New Zealand electoral reform process.

The election

The election was held on the 6th of November. 2,321,664 people were registered to vote in the elections, and 85.2% turned out on election day. This turnout was almost exactly the same as for the previous election, although slightly less than what would be seen for the following one.

Summary of results

The 1993 election saw the National Party win fifty of the ninety-nine seats in parliament, a drop of fourteen from what it had held before the election (and a drop of seventeen from what it had won in 1990). The Labour Party won forty-five seats, while the Alliance and New Zealand First both won two seats each. This meant that National kept its majority by only a single seat. The 1993-1996 parliamentary term would see a number of defections from both major parties, meaning that National would eventually be forced to make alliances to retain power.

Detailed results

Party totals

lign=center\|Party	align=center\|Candidates	align=center\|Total votes	align=center\|Percentage	align=center\|Seats won
a href="/encyclopedia/New-Zealand-National-Party" title="New Zealand National Party">National Party	align=center\|99	align=center\|673,892	align=center\|35.05%	align=center\|50
a href="/encyclopedia/New-Zealand-Labour-Party" title="New Zealand Labour Party">Labour Party	align=center\|99	align=center\|666,800	align=center\|34.68%	align=center\|45
a href="/encyclopedia/Alliance-(New-Zealand-political-party)" title="Alliance (New Zealand political party)">Alliance	align=center\|99	align=center\|350,063	align=center\|18.21%	align=center\|2
a href="/encyclopedia/New-Zealand-First" title="New Zealand First">New Zealand First	align=center\|84	align=center\|161,481	align=center\|8.40%	align=center\|2
a href="/encyclopedia/Christian-Heritage-New-Zealand" title="Christian Heritage New Zealand">Christian Heritage Party	align=center\|98	align=center\|38,745	align=center\|2.02%	align=center\|-
a href="/encyclopedia/McGillicuddy-Serious-Party" title="McGillicuddy Serious Party">McGillicuddy Serious Party	align=center\|62	align=center\|11,714	align=center\|0.61%	align=center\|-
a href="/encyclopedia/Natural-Law-Party-of-New-Zealand" title="Natural Law Party of New Zealand">Natural Law Party	align=center\|74	align=center\|6,056	align=center\|0.31%	align=center\|-
a href="/encyclopedia/Mana-Maori-Movement" title="Mana Maori Movement">Mana Maori	align=center\|5	align=center\|3,342	align=center\|0.17%	align=center\|-
lternative Party	align=center\|1	align=center\|822	align=center\|0.04%	align=center\|-
ew Zealand Defence Movement	align=center\|11	align=center\|650	align=center\|0.03%	align=center\|-
ew Zealand Representative Party	align=center\|1	align=center\|641	align=center\|0.03%	align=center\|-
nemployed Workers' Rights Party	align=center\|8	align=center\|514	align=center\|0.03%	align=center\|-
ard to Find Bookshop Party	align=center\|2	align=center\|171	align=center\|0.01%	align=center\|-
isborne First	align=center\|1	align=center\|145	align=center\|0.01%	align=center\|-
inding Referendum Party	align=center\|1	align=center\|132	align=center\|0.01%	align=center\|-
hangarei Whanau	align=center\|1	align=center\|94	align=center\|0.00%	align=center\|-
ommunist League	align=center\|2	align=center\|84	align=center\|0.00%	align=center\|-
lokes Liberation Front	align=center\|1	align=center\|57	align=center\|0.00%	align=center\|-
otearoa Partnership Party	align=center\|2	align=center\|52	align=center\|0.00%	align=center\|-
therial Vision	align=center\|1	align=center\|40	align=center\|0.00%	align=center\|-
rivate Enterprise Party	align=center\|1	align=center\|35	align=center\|0.00%	align=center\|-
acific Party	align=center\|1	align=center\|25	align=center\|0.00%	align=center\|-
ominion Workers	align=center\|1	align=center\|12	align=center\|0.00%	align=center\|-
conomic Euthenics	align=center\|1	align=center\|10	align=center\|0.00%	align=center\|-
ndependents	align=center\|27	align=center\|7,177	align=center\|0.37%	align=center\|-

Map of electorates

Individual electorate results

gcolor=#EEEEEE align=center\|Albany	bgcolor=#DDEEFF\|Don McKinnon (National)
gcolor=#EEEEEE align=center\|Auckland Central	bgcolor=#C9E6C4\|Sandra Lee (Alliance)
gcolor=#EEEEEE align=center\|Avon	bgcolor=#FFE8E8\|Larry Sutherland (Labour)
gcolor=#EEEEEE align=center\|Awarua	bgcolor=#DDEEFF\|Eric Roy (National)
gcolor=#EEEEEE align=center\|Birkenhead	bgcolor=#DDEEFF\|Ian Revell (National)
gcolor=#EEEEEE align=center\|Christchurch Central	bgcolor=#FFE8E8\|Lianne Dalziel (Labour)
gcolor=#EEEEEE align=center\|Christchurch North	bgcolor=#FFE8E8\|Mike Moore (Labour)
gcolor=#EEEEEE align=center\|Clutha	bgcolor=#DDEEFF\|Robin Gray (National)
gcolor=#EEEEEE align=center\|Dunedin North	bgcolor=#FFE8E8\|Pete Hodgson (Labour)
gcolor=#EEEEEE align=center\|Dunedin West	bgcolor=#FFE8E8\|Clive Matthewson (Labour)
gcolor=#EEEEEE align=center\|East Coast Bays	bgcolor=#DDEEFF\|Murray McCully (National)
gcolor=#EEEEEE align=center\|Eastern Bay of Plenty	bgcolor=#DDEEFF\|Tony Ryall (National)
gcolor=#EEEEEE align=center\|Eastern Hutt	bgcolor=#FFE8E8\|Paul Swain (Labour)
gcolor=#EEEEEE align=center\|Epsom	bgcolor=#DDEEFF\|Christine Fletcher (National)
gcolor=#EEEEEE align=center\|Far North	bgcolor=#DDEEFF\|John Carter (National)
gcolor=#EEEEEE align=center\|Fendalton	bgcolor=#DDEEFF\|Philip Burdon (National)
gcolor=#EEEEEE align=center\|Franklin	bgcolor=#DDEEFF\|Bill Birch (National)
gcolor=#EEEEEE align=center\|Gisborne	bgcolor=#FFE8E8\|Janet Mackey (Labour)
gcolor=#EEEEEE align=center\|Glenfield	bgcolor=#DDEEFF\|Peter Hilt (National)
gcolor=#EEEEEE align=center\|Hamilton East	bgcolor=#FFE8E8\|Dianne Yates (Labour)
gcolor=#EEEEEE align=center\|Hamilton West	bgcolor=#FFE8E8\|Martin Gallagher (Labour)
gcolor=#EEEEEE align=center\|Hastings	bgcolor=#FFE8E8\|Rick Barker (Labour)
gcolor=#EEEEEE align=center\|Hauraki	bgcolor=#DDEEFF\|Warren Kyd (National)
gcolor=#EEEEEE align=center\|Hawkes Bay	bgcolor=#DDEEFF\|Michael Laws (National)
gcolor=#EEEEEE align=center\|Henderson	bgcolor=#FFE8E8\|Jack Elder (Labour)
gcolor=#EEEEEE align=center\|Heretaunga	bgcolor=#DDEEFF\|Peter McCardle (National)
gcolor=#EEEEEE align=center\|Hobson	bgcolor=#DDEEFF\|Ross Meurant (National)
gcolor=#EEEEEE align=center\|Horowhenua	bgcolor=#FFE8E8\|Judy Keall (Labour)
gcolor=#EEEEEE align=center\|Howick	bgcolor=#DDEEFF\|Trevor Rogers (National)
gcolor=#EEEEEE align=center\|Invercargill	bgcolor=#FFE8E8\|Mark Peck (Labour)
gcolor=#EEEEEE align=center\|Island Bay	bgcolor=#FFE8E8\|Elizabeth Tennet (Labour)
gcolor=#EEEEEE align=center\|Kaimai	bgcolor=#DDEEFF\|Robert Anderson (Kaimai)
gcolor=#EEEEEE align=center\|Kaipara	bgcolor=#DDEEFF\|Lockwood Smith (National)
gcolor=#EEEEEE align=center\|Kapiti	bgcolor=#DDEEFF\|Roger Sowry (National)
gcolor=#EEEEEE align=center\|King Country	bgcolor=#DDEEFF\|Jim Bolger (National)
gcolor=#EEEEEE align=center\|Lyttelton	bgcolor=#FFE8E8\|Ruth Dyson (Labour)
gcolor=#EEEEEE align=center\|Manawatu	bgcolor=#FFE8E8\|Jill White (Labour)
gcolor=#EEEEEE align=center\|Mangere	bgcolor=#FFE8E8\|David Lange (Labour)
gcolor=#EEEEEE align=center\|Manurewa	bgcolor=#FFE8E8\|George Hawkins (Labour)
gcolor=#EEEEEE align=center\|Marlborough	bgcolor=#DDEEFF\|Doug Kidd (National)
gcolor=#EEEEEE align=center\|Matakana	bgcolor=#DDEEFF\|Graeme Lee (National)
gcolor=#EEEEEE align=center\|Matamata	bgcolor=#DDEEFF\|John Luxton (National)
gcolor=#EEEEEE align=center\|Miramar	bgcolor=#FFE8E8\|Annette King (Labour)
gcolor=#EEEEEE align=center\|Mt. Albert	bgcolor=#FFE8E8\|Helen Clark (Labour)
gcolor=#EEEEEE align=center\|Napier	bgcolor=#FFE8E8\|Geoff Braybrooke (Labour)
gcolor=#EEEEEE align=center\|Nelson	bgcolor=#FFE8E8\|John Blincoe (Labour)
gcolor=#EEEEEE align=center\|New Lynn	bgcolor=#FFE8E8\|Jonathan Hunt (Labour)
gcolor=#EEEEEE align=center\|New Plymouth	bgcolor=#FFE8E8\|Harry Duynhoven (Labour)
gcolor=#EEEEEE align=center\|North Shore	bgcolor=#DDEEFF\|Bruce Cliffe (National)
gcolor=#EEEEEE align=center\|Onehunga	bgcolor=#FFE8E8\|Richard Northey (Labour)
gcolor=#EEEEEE align=center\|Onslow	bgcolor=#FFE8E8\|Peter Dunne (Labour)
gcolor=#EEEEEE align=center\|Otago	bgcolor=#DDEEFF\|Warren Cooper (National)
gcolor=#EEEEEE align=center\|Otara	bgcolor=#FFE8E8\|Taito Phillip Field (Labour)
gcolor=#EEEEEE align=center\|Pahiatua	bgcolor=#DDEEFF\|John Falloon (National)
gcolor=#EEEEEE align=center\|Pakuranga	bgcolor=#DDEEFF\|Maurice Williamson (National)
gcolor=#EEEEEE align=center\|Palmerston North	bgcolor=#FFE8E8\|Steve Maharey (Labour)
gcolor=#EEEEEE align=center\|Panmure	bgcolor=#FFE8E8\|Judith Tizard (Labour)
gcolor=#EEEEEE align=center\|Papakura	bgcolor=#DDEEFF\|John Robertson (National)
gcolor=#EEEEEE align=center\|Papatoetoe	bgcolor=#FFE8E8\|Ross Robertson (Labour)
gcolor=#EEEEEE align=center\|Pencarrow	bgcolor=#FFE8E8\|Trevor Mallard (Labour)
gcolor=#EEEEEE align=center\|Porirua	bgcolor=#FFE8E8\|Graham Kelly (Labour)
gcolor=#EEEEEE align=center\|Raglan	bgcolor=#DDEEFF\|Simon Upton (National)
gcolor=#EEEEEE align=center\|Rakaia	bgcolor=#DDEEFF\|Jenny Shipley (National)
gcolor=#EEEEEE align=center\|Rangiora	bgcolor=#DDEEFF\|Jim Gerard (National)
gcolor=#EEEEEE align=center\|Rangitikei	bgcolor=#DDEEFF\|Denis Marshall (National)
gcolor=#EEEEEE align=center\|Remuera	bgcolor=#DDEEFF\|Doug Graham (National)
gcolor=#EEEEEE align=center\|Roskill	bgcolor=#FFE8E8\|Phil Goff (Labour)
gcolor=#EEEEEE align=center\|Rotorua	bgcolor=#DDEEFF\|Paul East (National)
gcolor=#EEEEEE align=center\|Selwyn	bgcolor=#DDEEFF\|Ruth Richardson (National)
gcolor=#EEEEEE align=center\|St. Albans	bgcolor=#FFE8E8\|David Caygill (Labour)
gcolor=#EEEEEE align=center\|St. Kilda	bgcolor=#FFE8E8\|Michael Cullen (Labour)
gcolor=#EEEEEE align=center\|Sydenham	bgcolor=#C9E6C4\|Jim Anderton (Alliance)
gcolor=#EEEEEE align=center\|Tamaki	bgcolor=#DDEEFF\|Clem Simich (National)
gcolor=#EEEEEE align=center\|Taranaki	bgcolor=#DDEEFF\|Roger Maxwell (National)
gcolor=#EEEEEE align=center\|Tarawera	bgcolor=#DDEEFF\|Max Bradford (National)
gcolor=#EEEEEE align=center\|Tasman	bgcolor=#DDEEFF\|Nick Smith (National)
gcolor=#EEEEEE align=center\|Tauranga	bgcolor=#D5D5D5\|Winston Peters (New Zealand First)
gcolor=#EEEEEE align=center\|Te Atatu	bgcolor=#FFE8E8\|Chris Carter (Labour)
gcolor=#EEEEEE align=center\|Timaru	bgcolor=#FFE8E8\|Jim Sutton (Labour)
gcolor=#EEEEEE align=center\|Titirangi	bgcolor=#FFE8E8\|Suzanne Sinclair (Labour)
gcolor=#EEEEEE align=center\|Tongariro	bgcolor=#FFE8E8\|Mark Burton (Labour)
gcolor=#EEEEEE align=center\|Waikaremoana	bgcolor=#DDEEFF\|Roger McClay (National)
gcolor=#EEEEEE align=center\|Waikato	bgcolor=#DDEEFF\|Rob Storey (National)
gcolor=#EEEEEE align=center\|Waipa	bgcolor=#DDEEFF\|Katherine O'Regan (National)
gcolor=#EEEEEE align=center\|Wairarapa	bgcolor=#DDEEFF\|Wyatt Creech (National)
gcolor=#EEEEEE align=center\|Waitakere	bgcolor=#DDEEFF\|Brian Neeson (National)
gcolor=#EEEEEE align=center\|Waitaki	bgcolor=#DDEEFF\|Alec Neill (National)
gcolor=#EEEEEE align=center\|Waitotara	bgcolor=#DDEEFF\|Peter Gresham (National)
gcolor=#EEEEEE align=center\|Wallace	bgcolor=#DDEEFF\|Bill English (National)
gcolor=#EEEEEE align=center\|Wanganui	bgcolor=#FFE8E8\|Jill Pettis (Labour)
gcolor=#EEEEEE align=center\|Wellington-Karori	bgcolor=#DDEEFF\|Pauline Gardiner (National)
gcolor=#EEEEEE align=center\|West Coast	bgcolor=#FFE8E8\|Damien O'Connor (Labour)
gcolor=#EEEEEE align=center\|Western Hutt	bgcolor=#DDEEFF\|Joy McLauchlan (National)
gcolor=#EEEEEE align=center\|Whangarei	bgcolor=#DDEEFF\|John Banks (National)
gcolor=#EEEEEE align=center\|Yaldhurst	bgcolor=#FFE8E8\|Margaret Austin (Labour)
gcolor=#EEEEEE align=center\|Eastern Maori	bgcolor=#FFE8E8\|Peter Tapsell (Labour)
gcolor=#EEEEEE align=center\|Northern Maori	bgcolor=#D5D5D5\|Tau Henare (New Zealand First)
gcolor=#EEEEEE align=center\|Southern Maori	bgcolor=#FFE8E8\|Whetu Tirikatene-Sullivan (Labour)
gcolor=#EEEEEE align=center\|Western Maori	bgcolor=#FFE8E8\|Koro Wetere (Labour)

Summary of changes

An boundary redistribution resulted in the abolition of eight seats.

Ashburton, held by Jenny Shipley (National).
Bay of Islands, held by John Carter (National).
Clevedon, held by Warren Kyd (National).
Coromandel, held by Graeme Lee (National).
East Cape, held by Tony Ryall (National).
Maramarua, held by Bill Birch (National).
Ohariu, held by Peter Dunne (Labour).
Wellington Central, held by Chris Laidlaw (Labour).

At the same time, ten new seats came into being.

Eastern Bay of Plenty - most of the abolished East Cape seat, plus part of Tarawera. Won by former East Cape MP Tony Ryall.
Far North - most of the abolished Bay of Islands seat. Won by former Bay of Islands MP John Carter.
Franklin - part of the abolished Maramarua seat and part of Papakura. Won by former Maramarua MP Bill Birch.
Hauraki - parts of the abolished Clevedon, Maramarua, and Coromandel seats. Won by former Clevedon MP Warren Kyd.
Henderson - parts taken from the Waitakere, Te Atatu, and Titirangi electorates. Won by new MP Jack Elder (Labour).
Howick - the eastern part of the Otara seat. Won by former Otara MP Trevor Rogers (National).
Matakana - part of the abolished Coromandel seat. Won by former Coromandel MP Graeme Lee.
Onslow - the core of the abolished Ohariu seat. Won by former Ohariu MP Peter Dunne (Labour).
Rakaia - the abolished Ashburton seat, plus part of the Selwyn seat. Won by former Ashburton MP Jenny Shipley (National).
Wellington-Karori - the abolished Wellington Central seat, plus part of the abolished Ohariu seat. Won by new National MP Pauline Gardiner.

The seats of Gisborne, Hamilton East, Hamilton West, Hastings, Horowhenua, Invercargill, Lyttelton, Manawatu, Miramar, New Plymouth, Onehunga, Otara, Roskill, Te Atatu, Timaru, Titirangi, Tongariro, Wanganui, and West Coast were won from the National Party by Labour challengers.
The seat of Auckland Central was won from the Labour Party by an Alliance challenger. The challenger was Sandra Lee and the defeated incumbent was Richard Prebble.
The seat of Northern Maori was won from the Labour Party by a New Zealand First challenger. The challenger was Tau Henare and the defeated incumbent was Bruce Gregory.
The seat of Awarua was passed from an incumbent National MP to a new National MP.
The seat of Pencarrow was passed from an incumbent Labour MP to a new Labour MP.

1993

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