Mahler's Theorem

In the notation of combinatorialists, which conflicts with that used in the theory of special functions, the Pochhammer symbol denotes the falling factorial:
(x)_k=x(x-1)(x-2)\cdots(x-k+1).
Denote by Δ the forward difference operator defined by
(\Delta f)(x)=f(x+1)-f(x).
Then we have
\Delta(x)_n=n(x)_{n-1}
so that the relationship between the operator Δ and this polynomial sequence is much like that between differentiation and the sequence whose nth term is xn. Mahler's theorem, named after Kurt Mahler (1903 - 1988), says that if f is a continuous p-adic-valued function of a p-adic variable, then the analogy goes further:
f(x)=\sum_{k=0}^\infty\frac{(\Delta^k f)(0)}{k!}(x)_k.
It is remarkable that as weak an assumption as continuity is enough. It is a fact of algebra that if f is a polynomial function with coefficients in any specified field, the same identity holds.

 

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