|
|
|
|
|
Liancourt Rocks The Liancourt Rocks are islets in the Sea of Japan (Korean name: East Sea), claimed by both Korea and Japan but administered by South Korea since 1953. Korea classifies the rocks as a part of Ulleung County, North Gyeongsang Province, while Japan regards them as within Okinoshima Town, Oki District, Shimane Prefecture. Nature of the Liancourt Rocks The Liancourt Rocks are comprised mainly of two islands: East (Dongdo) and West island (Seodo). The distance between the two main islands is 110-160 meters. All together, the Liancourt Rocks are compromised of 34 islands with 37 physical addresses (ranging from Mountain 1-37 of Dokdori, UlleungEup, Ulleungdo). The total area of Dokdo is 64,698 square meter. The highest point is 98 meter. The location is 13152′∼ 13153′to the East and 3714′00″∼ 3714′45″to the North. The distance from Ulleungdo to the Liancourt Rocks is 90km; while the closest Japanese territory is Oki island 160km away. History Historical identification of the islands is complicated by the presence of the nearby island of Ulleung-do, known as Utsuryo-to (鬱陵島) in modern Japanese, and the changing names of the two islands. -
- According to Korean scholars, the Liancourt Rocks, known as Dok-do (獨島) in Korea today, were known under such names as "Usan-do" (于山島) and "Sok-to" (石島) in the past.
-
- According to Japanese scholars, the Liancourt Rocks, known as Takeshima (竹島) in Japan today, were known under the name "Matsushima" (松島) in the past.
-
- According to Korean scholars, Ulleung-do was known under such names as "Mulung-do" (武陵島) and "Ul-do" (鬱島) in the past.
-
- According to Japanese scholars, Ulleung-do was known under the name "Takeshima" during when the Liancourt Rocks (today's Takeshima) were called "Matsushima."
-
- There is also Chuk-do (竹島), another island near Ulleung-do, which does not correspond to Japan's Takeshima although expressed in the same kanji.
Before 1618 Silla style pots dating back to the 4th century were discovered in Ulleung-do (the main island to the west of the Liancourt Rocks). This indicates that the denizens of Ulleung-do were trading with Silla, and other Korean Kingdoms. As Dokdo is visible from Ulleung-do, it is probable that the residents of Ulleung-do knew of the Liancourt Rocks. Korean scholars claim that Samguk Sagi (三國史記, 1145) mentions the islets of Ulleung-do and Usan-do, the latter of which according to them corresponds to the Liancourt Rocks and, if so, would be the first known written reference. The islets were a part of the independent island state of Usan-guk, dating back from the Silla Dynasty in 512 AD. Usan-guk became a protectorate of Goryeo in 930 as Silla fell. There were continued lootings of Jurchen and Japanese pirates in Goryo dynasty, however, Goryo did not use 'island evacuation policy'. The mainland government kept receiving tax from Ulleungdo. However, Samguk Sagi only mentions an island state of Usan-guk, which is located on the island on the sea right the east from Myeongju, namely Ulleung-do; not two islets of Ulleung-do and Usan-do: 于山國 在溟州正東海島 或名鬱陵島 地方一百里 恃 不服 伊 異斯夫 爲何瑟羅州軍主 謂于山人 愚悍難以威來 可以計服 乃多造木偶師子 分載戰船 其國海岸 告曰 汝若不服 則放此猛獸踏殺之 國人恐懼則降. The hanja "do" (島) refers to island, whereas "guk" (國) refers to state/nation. Also in Korean maps of the period such as 八道總圖 (팔도총도, 1530), Usan-do is occasionally situated to the west of Ulleung-do. This is contrary to the current location of the Liancourt Rocks. 1618-1900 Takeshima Tokai Yuraiki Bassho Hikae (竹島渡海由来記抜書控), written by Ōya Kyuemon (大谷九右衛門), records that in 1618 the Tokugawa Shogunate granted the Ōya and Murakawa families of Hōki province (modern Tottori) the permission to take feudal tenure of Ulleung-do, known at the time as Takeshima in Japanese. The families were using the sea around the islet for fishing as late as 1696. On the seaway to Ulleung-do were the Liancourt Rocks, known as Matsushima (松島) by the Japanese, which were used as an intermediate port of call by their fishermen. Korean scholars, however, point to the fact that the grant of land given by the Tokuwaga Shogunate had no legal basis on which to grant Ulleung-do, since it had been populated by Koreans and administered by the Korean government before 1592. On April 17th, 1693, two Korean fishermen, Ahn Yong-bok (安龍福) and 朴於屯, were captured by the fishermen of the Ōya family and brought back to Japan. Tottori province reported the incident to the Tokugawa shogunate, and the shogunate through Tsushima-han (対馬藩) told the Joseon dynasty (Korea) to tighten the control of Korean "transgressors". Nanakajo Hento-sho (七箇条返答書) alleges that Koreans without permission used the Japanese facilities and stole their fishing equipment; on the other hand, the Annals of the Joseon Dynasty (the most accurate Korean record of the period between the 14th to 19th centuries) records the incident as a result of Ahn attempting to expel Japanese trespassers. In 1694, when the issue of the attribution of Ulleung-do was raised, the Korean Joseon dynasty told the shogunate to back off from Ulleung-do, because Ulleung-do could be seen from the Korean Peninsula as documented in 東國輿地勝覧. With this the Tokugawa shogunate prohibited the vessels of Tottori-han from going to Ulleung-do. Most Korean scholars claim that the the Liancourt Rocks (Dokdo/Matsushima) also was included among the prohibited islands; however, there was no mention of the Liancourt Rocks in the actual injunction from the shogunate. In fact the Tokugawa shogunate did not explicitly prohibit passage to the Liancourt Rocks. Two years later, however, Japanese fishermen agreed to stay off the islets after their second expulsion in 1696, due to Ahn's heavy defense of Ulleung-do and the surrounding waters. The location of the Liancourt Rocks is recorded in several maps published in Japan such as Kaisei Nippon Yochi Rotei Zenzu (改正日本輿地路程全図, Revised Complete Map of Japanese Lands and Roads) published by Sekisui Nagakubo (長久保赤水) in 1779. Most Japanese maps, however, have been shown to display the islets in the same color as Korea. Professor Kim Mun-Gi (金文起) of Pusan University of Foreign Studies claims that he found an old Japanese map titled Chosen Hachido-no Zu (朝鮮八道之圖, 1758) that writes Ulleung-do and the Liancourt Rocks as one big island within the Korean territory and so that this map evidences that Japan recognized the Liancourt Rocks as Korean territory. Some Japanese sources claim that the map only shows that the island called Ulleung-do is a territory of a state called Usan-guk and does not mention the Liancourt Rocks.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Naver3239.jpg Park Young-Sik (朴炳植), a Korean scholar, argues that Historical Geography of Great Japan (大日本地名辞書), published by Yoshira Dogo (吉田東伍) on March 31, 1900, records that when the local government of Shimane prefecture had inquired of the Japanese Meiji government whether the Liancourt Rocks would be merged into Shimane county, the Meiji government of Japan issued on March 17, 1877 that Japan had no relation with Takeshima. However, this refers to the islet of Ulleung-do, not the Liancourt Rocks, as noted on the page 434-435 of Historical Geography of Great Japan. According to Korean scholars, Dae Dong Yeo Ji Do (大東輿地圖, 대동여지도), a map of Korea created by Jeongho Kim (金正浩, 김정호) in 1861, includes the Liancourt Rocks.http://www.shuroop.net/img/map_daedong1.jpg(This map is incomplete) It should be noted that, as a result of the confusion between the names "Matsushima" and "Takeshima" on the part of Japan, there is much historical controversy when Japanese documents refer to the Liancourt Rocks. Most Japanese documents and maps after 1905 use the name "Takeshima" or outrightedly place the islands in Korean territory under the title "Dokdo", while pre-1905 documents tend to use either "Takeshima", "Matsushima", or entirely exclude the islets. 1900 to 1950 On October 25, 1900, the Chosun dynasty issued Korean Government Imperial Ordinance No. 41 (大韓帝國勅令第41号), renaming Ulleung-do (鬱陵島) as Ul-do (鬱島) and incorporating the islands of Ulleung-do, Chuk-do (竹島) and Sok-do (石島) in the county. A webpage http://www2.gol.com/users/hsmr/Content/East%20Asia/Korea/Dokto_Island/History/Shin_Yong-ha_5.html asserts that the sok of Sok-do is a variant form of dok in the Cholla dialect and that this thus refers to the Liancourt Rocks. After a request by a Japanese fisherman, on February 22, 1905 upon the loss of Korean naval sovereignty after the Russo-Japanese War the Liancourt Rocks under the name Takeshima were proclaimed a part of Shimane prefecture in Japan under the doctrine of terra nullius. Korea disputes the claim However, this is problematic, because, During World War II, the island was used as a naval base by the Imperial Japanese Navy. Furthermore, as late as 1923, Japanese maps such as the Chosen Engan Suiroshi (Korean Coastal Straits, 朝鮮沿岸水路誌, 1933) made by the Japanese Navy cited Dokdo/Takeshima as part of Korea. In addition, Japanese maps made immediately after the 1905 Japan's acquiring of Dokdo/Takeshima, such as the Kankoku Shinchiri (New Geography of Korea, 韓國新地理), Teikoku Encyclopedia (帝國百科全書) Number 134, which was published in September 1905, a whole six months after the islands were incorporated into the Shimane Prefecture, recognised Dokdo as Korean territory. Furthermore, the incoproration of the Liancourt Rocks under the name "Takeshima" is erroneous, since "Takeshima" refers to Ulleung-do in traditional Japanese records. The doctrine terra nullius applied is also a clear mistake, since the Japanese (and Korean) acknowledegements of 1618, 1693, 1877, and 1900 prove the contrary. As a result of this contradiction, the Japanese foreign ministry website no longer claims the Liancourt Rocks were terra nullius when absorbed on February 22nd, 1905. Upon Japan's defeat and occupation by the Allies, SCAP Instruction #677 of January 29, 1946 excluded the islands from Japan's administrative authority. However, the instruction specifically stated that it was not an 'ultimate determination' of the islands' fate, and all other islands listed in the document were eventually returned to Japan. The 1952 Treaty of San Francisco, which settled the sovereignty of most other disputed islands, did not mention the islands. 1950 to 1960 On January 12, 1953, the Government of South Korea ordered the army to enforce their claim on the island, and in the same year on April 20, South Korean volunteer coast guards set up camp on the island. On June 27, 1953, two Japanese coast guard vessels landed on the East Islet, drove off the Korean guards and set up a territorial marker, but did not attempt permanent occupation. The Koreans soon returned and several armed skirmishes followed, leading to the sinking of a Japanese ship by Korean mortar fire on April 21, 1954. Japan protested and suggested arbitration at the International Court of Justice, but the offer was rejected by South Korea. After the incident, South Korea built a lighthouse and helicopter landing pad on the islet, which it has administered ever since. 1960 to 1990 The issue of sovereignty over the islands was omitted from the 1965 Basic Relations Treaty, and both sides maintain territorial claims. The United States maintains a policy of non-recognition for claims by either side, although several private memoranda recorded in the Foreign Relations of the United States between 1949 and 1951 appear to side with Japan's view and are occasionally brought up as "proof" of American support. On the other hand, recently discovered documents made by the American CIA in Busan in November, 1951 reveal that during the Korean War, Japan staked a claim to the islets by clandestinely landing a group of reporters on the Liancourt Rocks the very same month to survey the terrain. The documents further mention that the American government was opposed to Japan's claim to the islets at the time, and had been aligned with the South Korean argument since South Korea lobbied for the inclusion of the Liancourt Rocks at the time of the San Fransisco Peace Treaty's creation. According to Takeshima no rekishi chirigakuteki kenkyu (An Historical and Geographical Study of Takeshima, 竹島の歴史地理学的研究) by a researcher Kawakami Kenzo (川上健三) for the Japanese Foreign Ministry written in 1966, the Koreans were not aware of the Liancourt Rocks before the 20th century, as seen in the lack of documents pertaining to the Liancourt Rocks. Kenzo also asserts that Koreans did not have adequate naval navigation to reach Dok-do/Takeshima. Furthermore, he asserts that the Koreans on Ulleungdo could not see Dokdo, due to the heavy forestation on Ulleung-do. However, Korean schlars argue that this claim is false as under the fair weather Liancourt Rocks can in fact be seen from Ulleung-do.http://www.dkbnews.com/bbs/data/dica/1110987941/ul1.jpg Kim Cheol Hwan (김철환) among others published on Kyongbuk Ilbo (慶北日報) a photo of the Liancourt Rocks taken from Ulleung-do on December 11, 1999. Furthermore, Korean historians point to the inaccuracy in Kenzo's claim that Koreans lacked navigation skills to reach the Liancourt Rocks, since Koreans already possessed the skills to reach Ulleung-do from mainland Korea since the 6th century and were the ones who taught the Japanese Chinese naval techniques in the first place (Korean naval superiority before Japanese modernization was proven during the Seven-Year War). 1990 to present The dispute has periodically flared up again, typically when South Korea acts to change the islets or their status (for example, building a wharf in 1996 or declaring them a natural monument in 2002), resulting in a reassertion of the territorial claim by Japan. In 2002, two Japanese textbooks questioning Korea's claim to the islets were published, leading to protests in South Korea. Another conflict arose in March 2005, when the prefectual assembly of Shimane passed a bill to designate February 22 as "Takeshima Day," to commemorate the centenary of Japan's claim to the islands. In response, the Korean Masan Municipal Government passed the "Daemado Day" bill unanimously, in reference to a defunct Korean claim upon the Japanese Tsushima Islands. In a survey performed in both countries, the level of interest in Japan in relation to the islets was substantially lower, whereas over 99% of people surveyed in Korea believed that the islets were part of their country. Korea shows the islets in all of their official maps, and includes them in weather forecasts as well. The Republic of Korea currently has stationed a small police unit on the islands, and there are a handful of Korean citizens who list the islands as their residence. According to the North Korean constitution, the entire Korean peninsula and surrounding islands, including Liancourt Rocks, belongs to North Korea (as in the South Korean constitution) and North Korean' state press heavily criticizes Japan for their "attempts to invade the Republic territory." Maps of the Liancourt Rocks External links
|  | lynn lake, manitoba
bak hyeokgeose of silla
tomoyuki yamashita
buddhist views of homosexuality
north carolina school of science and mathematics
national world war ii memorial
ragged ass road
cochrane, unorganized, north part, ontario
spoon (band)
queen seondeok of silla
history of independent mongolia
| forever my lady
venus hum
mount pearl, newfoundland and labrador
paradise, newfoundland and labrador
lawton chiles
gyeongju
empress myeongseong of joseon
anabaptist association of australia and new zealand
division no. 1, subd. d, newfoundland and labrador
holyrood, newfoundland and labrador
rainbow party
| edl
division no. 1, subd. o, newfoundland and labrador
inadequacy
uss lake champlain
carnegie endowment for international peace
harbour main chapel's cove lakeview, newfoundland and labrador
uss san jacinto
avondale, newfoundland and labrador
cheomseongdae astronomical observatory
content
thin film deposition
| bombay high court
uss theodore roosevelt
diary of a mad band
keith lowe
conception harbour, newfoundland and labrador
uss valley forge
colliers, newfoundland and labrador
mormaor
schwenkfelder church
division no. 1, subd. m, newfoundland and labrador
magnetogravity
|
|
|
|
| Copyright 2005-2009 OnPedia.com. All Rights Reserved |
|
|