2^nd. o declension

    Nouns of this class end in -us, um, or -r and are usually of masculine or neuter grammatical gender.

        Example I, words ending in -us (paradigma hortus - garden)

        Example II, words ending in -um(paradigma verbum - word)

        Example III, words ending in -r (paradigma ager -field)

Note that the e in the nominative singular form is just an insertion to ease pronunciation and is omitted in all other forms. There are however some words, where the e belongs to the stem proper and can't be omitted. These are: gener (son-in-law), socer (father-in-law), puer (boy), vesper (evening) and liberi (children - only occurs in plural forms).

3^rd. mixed declension

    Nouns of this class are can be masculine, feminine of neuter in grammatical gender. This class comprises nouns whose stem ends in a consonant.

        Example I, words with no particular ending for nominative singular (paradigma masculine rex - king)

        Example II, words with no particular ending for nominative singular (paradigma feminine vox - voice)

        Example III, words with no particular ending for nominative singular (paradigma neuter nomen - name)

4^th. u declension

    Nouns of this class end in -us or -u. The former ones usually are of masculine gender,the latter ones are always neuter.

        Example I, nouns ending in -us(paradigma lacus -lake)

        Example II, neuter nouns ending in -u (paradigma cornu - horn)

5^th. e declension

    Nouns of this class end in -es. Nearly all of them are of feminine grammatical gender, with the notable exception of dies, which is masculine.

        Example I (paradigma res - thing)

         Example II (paradigma dies - day )

            This declension class is the last to develop in Latin; the only nouns that have the full declension are dies and fides.

            From res, we get res publicae, or republic: thing of the people.

Personal Pronouns

Demonstrative Pronouns

• the nominatives are often irregular
• the dative singular ends in -i rather than -ae or -o
• the genitive singular ends in -ius rather than -ae or -i.

• Latin conjugation

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