Kuratowski Closure Axioms

In topology and related branches of mathematics, the Kuratowski closure axioms are a set of axioms which can be used to define a topological structure on a set. They are equivalent to the more commonly used open set definition. They were first introduced by Kazimierz Kuratowski, in a slightly different form that applied only to Hausdorff spaces. A similar set of axioms can be used to define a topological structure using only the dual notion of interior operator.

Definition

A topological space (X,cl) is a set X with a function
cl:\mathcal{P}(X) \to \mathcal{P}(X)
called the closure operator where \mathcal{P}(X) is the power set of X. The closure operator has to satisfy the following properties
  1. A \subseteq cl(A) \! (Isotonicity)
  2. cl(cl(A)) = cl(A) \! (Idempotence)
  3. cl(A \cup B) = cl(A) \cup cl(B) \! (Preservation of binary unions)
  4. cl(\varnothing) = \varnothing \! (Preservation of nullary unions)

Notes

Axioms (3) and (4) can be generalised (using a proof by mathematical induction) to the single statement:
c(A_{1} \cup \cdots \cup A_{n}) = c(A_{1}) \cup \cdots \cup c(A_{n}) \! (Preservation of finitary unions).
An operator that only satisfies axioms (1) and (2) is called a Moore closure. Moore closure operators are often studied in lattice theory.

Recovering topological definitions

A function between two topological spaces
f:(X,cl) \to (X',cl')
is a called continuous if for all subsets A of X
f(cl(A)) \subset cl'(f(A))
A point p is called close to A in (X,cl) if p\in cl(A) A is called closed in (X,cl) if A=cl(A). In other words the closed sets of X are the fixed points of the closure operator.

 

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