Gurmukhi

The Gurmukhi (ਗੁਰਮੁਖੀ) script, derived from the Lahnda alphabet and standardised by Guru Angad Dev in the 16th century, was designed to write the Punjabi (ਪੰਜਾਬੀ) language. The whole of the Guru Granth Sahib's 1430 pages are written in this script. The word Gurmukhi literally means "from the Mouth of the Guru". Gurmukhi is a form of alphabet called an abugida, as each consonant has an inherent vowel (a), that can be changed using vowel signs. Modern Gurmukhi has forty-one consonants (Vianjans), nine vowel symbols (Laga Matra), two symbols for nasal sounds (Bindi and Tippi) and one symbol which duplicates the sound of any consonant (Addak). In addition, four conjuncts are used: three subjoined forms of the consonants Rara, Haha and Vava, and one half-form of Yaiyya. Use of the conjunct forms of Vava and Yaiyya in increasingly scarce in modern contexts.

Consonants

The Gurmukhi alphabet contains thirty-five distinct letters. The first three letters are unique because they form the basis for vowels. Except for Aira, these characters are never used on their own. See the section on vowels for further details.
colspan="2" | Name !! Pron. colspan="2" | Name !! Pron. colspan="2" | Name !! Pron. colspan="2" | Name !! Pron. colspan="2" | Name !! Pron.
bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" | ੳ Ura | bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" | ਅ || Aira || | bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" | ੲ || Iri || | bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" | ਸ || Sussa || Sa | bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" | ਹ || Haha || Ha
bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" | ਕ Kakka Ka bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" | ਖ Khukha Kha bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" | ਗ Gugga Ga bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" | ਘ Ghugga Gha bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" | ਙ Ungga Nga
bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" | ਚ Chuchaa Ca bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" | ਛ Chhuchha Cha bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" | ਜ Jujja Ja bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" | ਝ Jhujja Jha bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" | ਞ Yanza Nya
bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" | ਟ Tainka Tta bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" | ਠ Thutha Ttha bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" | ਡ Dudda Dda bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" | ਢ Dhudda Ddha bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" | ਣ Nahnha Nna
bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" | ਤ Tutta Ta bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" | ਥ Thutha Tha bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" | ਦ Duda Da bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" | ਧ Dhuda Dha bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" | ਨ Nunna Na
bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" | ਪ Puppa Pa bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" | ਫ Phupha Pha bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" | ਬ Bubba Ba bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" | ਭ Bhubba Bha bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" | ਮ Mumma Ma
bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" | ਯ Yaiyya Ya bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" | ਰ Rara Ra bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" | ਲ Lulla La bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" | ਵ Vava Va bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" | ੜ Rahrha Rra
In addition to these, there are six consonants created by placing a dot (bindi) at the foot (pair) of the consonant:
colspan="2" | Name !! Pron.
bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" | ਸ਼ Shusha paireen bindi Sha
bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" | ਖ਼ Khukha paireen bindi Khha
bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" | ਗ਼ Gugga paireen bindi Ghha
bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" | ਜ਼ Zuzza paireen bindi Za
bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" | ਫ਼ Fuffa paireen bindi Fa
bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" | ਲ਼ Lulla paireen bindi Lla
Lulla paireen bindi was only recently added to the Gurmukhi alphabet. Some sources may not consider it a seperate letter.

Vowels

Gurmukhi follows similar concepts to other Brahmi scripts and as such, all consonants are followed by an inherentasound (unless at the end of a word when the a is usually dropped). This inherent vowel sound can be changed by using dependent vowel signs which attach to a baring consonant. In some cases, dependent vowel signs cannot be used at the beginning of a word or syllable for instance and so an independent vowel character is used instead.
colspan="3" | Vowel !! colspan="2" | Name !! rowspan="2" | IPA
colspan="1" | Ind. colspan="1" | Dep. colspan="1" | with /k/ colspan="1" | Letter colspan="1" | Unicode
bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" align="center" | ਅ bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:14px" align="center" | (none) bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" align="center" | ਕ Mukta A
bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" align="center" | ਆ bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" align="center" | ਾ bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" align="center" | ਕਾ Kanna AA
bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" align="center" | ਇ bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" align="center" | ਿ bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" align="center" | ਕਿ Sihari I
bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" align="center" | ਈ bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" align="center" | ੀ bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" align="center" | ਕੀ Bihari II
bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" align="center"| ਉ bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" align="center"| ੁ bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" align="center"| ਕੁ Onkar U
bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" align="center" | ਊ bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" align="center" | ੂ bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" align="center" | ਕੂ Dulankar UU
bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" align="center" | ਏ bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" align="center" | ੇ bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" align="center" | ਕੇ Lavan EE
bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" align="center" | ਐ bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" align="center" | ੈ bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" align="center" | ਕੈ Dulavan AI
bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" align="center" | ਓ bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" align="center" | ੋ bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" align="center" | ਕੋ Hora O
bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" align="center" | ਔ bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" align="center" | ੌ bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" align="center" | ਕੌ Kanuara AU
Dotted circles represent the bearer consonant. Vowels are always pronounced after the consonant they are attached to. Thus, Sihari is always written to the left, but pronounced after the character on the right.

Vowel Examples

colspan="1" | Word !! Transcription !! Meaning
bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" | ਆਲੂ ālū potato
bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:24px" | ਦਿਲ dil heart

Gurmukhi in Unicode

The Unicode range for Gurmukhi is U+0A00 ... U+0A7F. Using Unicode for Gurmukhi has only recently started to become widespread. Many sites still use proprietary fonts that convert Latin ASCII codes to Gurmukhi glyphs.
  0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F
00 bgcolor="#CCCCCC" |   |ਁ |ਂ |ਃ bgcolor="#CCCCCC" |   |ਅ |ਆ |ਇ |ਈ |ਉ |ਊ bgcolor="#CCCCCC" |   bgcolor="#CCCCCC" |   bgcolor="#CCCCCC" |   bgcolor="#CCCCCC" |   |ਏ
10 |ਐ bgcolor="#CCCCCC" |   bgcolor="#CCCCCC" |   |ਓ |ਔ |ਕ |ਖ |ਗ |ਘ |ਙ |ਚ |ਛ |ਜ |ਝ |ਞ |ਟ
20 |ਠ |ਡ |ਢ |ਣ |ਤ |ਥ |ਦ |ਧ |ਨ bgcolor="#CCCCCC" |   |ਪ |ਫ |ਬ |ਭ |ਮ |ਯ
30 |ਰ bgcolor="#CCCCCC" |   |ਲ |ਲ਼ bgcolor="#CCCCCC" |   |ਵ |ਸ਼ bgcolor="#CCCCCC" |   |ਸ |ਹ bgcolor="#CCCCCC" |   bgcolor="#CCCCCC" |   |਼ bgcolor="#CCCCCC" |   |ਾ |ਿ
40 |ੀ |ੁ |ੂ bgcolor="#CCCCCC" |   bgcolor="#CCCCCC" |   bgcolor="#CCCCCC" |   bgcolor="#CCCCCC" |   |ੇ |ੈ bgcolor="#CCCCCC" |   bgcolor="#CCCCCC" |   |ੋ |ੌ |੍ bgcolor="#CCCCCC" |   bgcolor="#CCCCCC" |  
50 bgcolor="#CCCCCC" |   bgcolor="#CCCCCC" |   bgcolor="#CCCCCC" |   bgcolor="#CCCCCC" |   bgcolor="#CCCCCC" |   bgcolor="#CCCCCC" |   bgcolor="#CCCCCC" |   bgcolor="#CCCCCC" |   bgcolor="#CCCCCC" |   |ਖ਼ |ਗ਼ |ਜ਼ |ੜ bgcolor="#CCCCCC" |   |ਫ਼ bgcolor="#CCCCCC" |  
60 bgcolor="#CCCCCC" |   bgcolor="#CCCCCC" |   bgcolor="#CCCCCC" |   bgcolor="#CCCCCC" |   bgcolor="#CCCCCC" |   bgcolor="#CCCCCC" |   |੦ |੧ |੨ |੩ |੪ |੫ |੬ |੭ |੮ |੯
70 |ੰ |ੱ |ੲ |ੳ |ੴ bgcolor="#CCCCCC" |   bgcolor="#CCCCCC" |   bgcolor="#CCCCCC" |   bgcolor="#CCCCCC" |   bgcolor="#CCCCCC" |   bgcolor="#CCCCCC" |   bgcolor="#CCCCCC" |   bgcolor="#CCCCCC" |   bgcolor="#CCCCCC" |   bgcolor="#CCCCCC" |   bgcolor="#CCCCCC" |  

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