goguryeo

colspan="2" bgcolor="#FFCCCC" \| Goguryeo
colspan="2" \| Korean Name
width="150" \| Revised Romanization	width="150" \| Goguryeo
width="150" \| McCune-Reischauer	width="150" \| Koguryŏ
width="150" \| Hangul	width="150" \| 고구려
width="150" \| Hanja	width="150" \| 高句麗
colspan="2" \| Chinese Name
width="150" \| Chinese characters	width="150" \| 高句麗
width="150" \| Pinyin	width="150" \| Gāogōulí

Goguryeo (also known as Koguryo; : Gāogōulí) (1st century BC-668) was a kingdom in southern Manchuria and northern Korea. It is referred to as one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea, along with Baekje and Silla. The modern name "Korea" derives from the medieval Korean kingdom of Goryeo, which in turn took its name from a contracted form of "Goguryeo."

History

According to Samguk Sagi, King Jumong (posthumously called King Dongmyeongseong) founded the kingdom in 37 BC around what is now the border between China and North Korea. It gained power while China was fragmented. The maximum extent of the kingdom was reached during the reigns of King Gwanggaeto the Great and his son King Jangsu. During this period they ruled three fourths of Korean peninsula and most of Manchuria. It was overthrown by an alliance of Silla and Chinese Tang Empire in 668. Tang initially attempted to set up a military government called the Protectorate General to Pacify the East, but this did not last. The southernmost part of Goguryeo was seized by Silla, the northwestern part by Tang, and the rest was succeeded by Balhae. Balhae, established in 698 claimed it as successor of Goguryeo in her diplomatic negotiations with Japan. Taebong, initially called Hu-Goguryeo ("Later Goguryeo"), claimed her succession of Goguryeo and so did Goryeo, which was even named after Goguryeo.

Culture

Remains of castles, palaces and several artifacts have been found in North Korea, including ancient paintings in a Goguryeo tomb complex. Some ruins are also still visible in Manchuria, for example at Onyeosan ("Five Maiden Peaks") near Ji'an (集安) in northeastern China, thought to be the site of the first city of Goguryeo. Some cultural artifacts still remain in modern Korean culture, for example, Ondol, Goguryeo's unique floor heating system. A modernized version can be found in the floor of every modern house in Korea.

Language

The Goguryeo language is unknown except for a small number of words, which mostly suggests that it was similar to the language of Silla and the Tungusic languages. Most Korean linguists see that Goguryeo language was closest to the Altai languages out of the three dominant proto-Korean kingdoms. The Goguryeo names for government posts are mostly similar to those of Baekje and Silla. Chinese record suggest that the languages of Goguryeo and Fuyu (Buyeo), East Okjeo, and Old Joseon (Go-Joseon) were similar, while Goguryeo language differed significantly from that of Malgal (Mohe). Similarities in certain vocabulary with Old Japanese have been noted as well. http://www.msu.edu/~jk13/Abs.Beckwith.pdf Some words of Goguryeo origin can be found in the old Korean language (early 10th-late 14th centuries) but most were replaced by Silla-originated ones before long. Some linguists propose the so-called "Fuyu languages" that included the languages of Fuyu, Goguryeo, and the upper class of Baekje, and Old Japanese. Supporters of the Altaic language family often classifies the Goguryeo language as a member of that language family. Striking similarities between Baekje and Goguryeo can also be found.

Modern politics

Most historians have traditionally viewed Goguryeo as a Korean state, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. The Chinese have traditionally viewed Goguryeo as a foreign state that was part of the China-centred tribute system. Then, in accordance with a more inclusive view of the modern People's Republic of China as a multi-ethnic nation state, the concept of Chinese history was expanded to encompass all states that developed principally in the current territory of China. The accepted position among Chinese government historians therefore became that the history of Goguryeo before the capital was transferred to Pyongyang in the Korean Peninsula was to be considered part of Chinese history. Some have interpreted Chinese position in the 1990s as implying that Goguryeo was to be treated as a regional power of China as well as interpreting efforts by Chinese scholars to describe the history of Goguryeo as part of Chinese history to de-emphasise or deny Korea's claim to the kingdom's legacy. The Chinese government launched a 20-billion-yuan (2.4 billion US dollars) project dealing with China's Northeast in 2002 whose aims have been interpreted by some as treating Goguryeo as a local government within China, rewriting history textbooks and restoring important Goguryeo sites in China. This was followed by protests from scholars from Korea, Japan, and Russia. As of 2004 this was threatening to lead to diplomatic disputes between China and South Korea and was contributing to growing anti-Chinese sentiment in the latter. As such, the subject of Goguryeo history now overlaps somewhat with political disputes, although all of the governments involved seem to exhibit no desire to see the issue damage relations. The existence of a sizeable ethnic Korean minority in the former Goguryeo territories in China, the issue of political influence over North Korea in the case of a collapse of the regime, and some nervousness over the rapidly increasing power of China add to the fuel of the dispute. See Gando Convention for more information about modern politics in the area.

Sovereigns of Goguryeo

The names of the rulers of Goguryeo are given first in their Korean pronunciation, and then in their Mandarin Chinese pronunciation.

Korean Pronunciation

동명성왕 King Dongmyeong (37 BC-19 BC)
유리왕 King Yuri (19 BC-AD 18)
대무신왕 King Daemusin (18-44)
민중왕 King Minjung (44-48)
모본왕 King Mobon (48-53)
태조대왕 King Gukjo (53-146)
차대왕 King Chadae (146-165)
신대왕 King Sindae (165-179)
고국천왕 King Gogukcheon (179-197)
산상왕 King Sansang (197-227)
동천왕 King Dongcheon (227-247)
중천왕 King Jungcheon (247-270)
서천왕 King Seocheon (270-292)
봉상왕 King Bongsang (292-300)
미천왕 King Micheon (300-330)
고국원왕 King Gogugwon (331-371)
소수림왕 King Sosurim (371-384)
고국양왕 King Gogugyang (384-391)
광개토대왕 King Gwanggaeto the Great (391-413)
장수왕 King Jangsu (413-490)
문자명왕 King Munjamyeong (491-519)
안장왕 King Anjang (519-531)
안원왕 King Anwon (531-545)
양원왕 King Yangwon (545-559)
평원왕 King Pyeongwon (559-590)
영양왕 King Yeongyang (590-618)
영류왕 King Yeongnyu (618-641)
보장왕 King Bojang (642-668)

Mandarin Pronunciation

Sovereigns of Goguryeo (Gaogouli) 1st century BC-668

Legendary line

    
   
  
   
  
  Samguk Sagi    Posthumous Names ( Shi Hao 諡號)   Personal Names   
     東明聖王|dong1 ming2 sheng4 wang2    Gao Zhumeng|高朱蒙 gao1 zhu1 meng2
  Zhumeng|朱蒙 zhu1 meng2
 Zou?|鄒? zou1 ?
 Xiang|象解 xiang4 jie3  
     琉璃王|liu2 li2 wang2
  琉璃明王|liu2 li2 ming2 wang2  Leili|類利 lei4 li4
  Ruliu|孺留 ru2 liu2  
     大武神王|da4 wu3 shen2 wang2
  大解朱留王|da4 jie3 zhu1 liu2 wang2  Wuxu|無恤 wu2 xu4   
     閔中王|min3 zhong1 wang2    Jiesezhu|解色朱 jie3 se4 zhu1   
     慕本王|mu4 ben3 wang2    Jieyou|解憂 jie3 you1
  Jieail|解愛婁 jie3 ai4 l3

    Weishu    Personal Names   
    Zhumeng|朱蒙 zhu1 meng2(zu mong)   
    Lda|閭達|l2 da2   
    *Shilxie|始閭諧 shi3 l2 xie2   
    Ruli|如栗 ru2 li4   
    Molai|莫來 mo4 lai2   
  
    Monument    Personal Names   
    Zoumou|鄒牟 zou1 mou2   
    Ruliu|儒留 ru2 liu2   
    Dazhuliu|大朱留 da4 zhu1 liu2

Great king line

     
  
  
  Samguk Sagi    Posthumous Names ( Shi Hao 諡號)   Personal Names   
     大祖王|da4 zu3 wang2
  大祖大王|da4 zu3 da4 wang2
 國祖王|guo2 zu3 wang2  Gong|宮 gong1
  Yushu|於漱 yu2 shu4  
     次大王|zi1 da4 wang2    Suicheng|遂成 sui4 cheng2   
     新大王|xin1 da4 wang2    Bogu|伯固 bo2 gu4
  Boju|伯句 bo2 ju4

    Houhanshu, etc    Personal Names   
     Gong|宮 gong1   
     Suicheng|遂成 sui4 cheng2   
     Bogu|伯固 bo2 gu4

Wandu-Guonei line

     
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
    Posthumous Names ( Shi Hao 諡號)   Personal Names   Period of Reigns   
     故國川王|gu4 guo2 chuan1 wang2
  國襄王|guo2 xiang1 wang2  Nanwu|男武 nan2 wu3
  Yiyimo|伊夷謨 yi1 yi2 mo2  179-197   
     山上王|shan1 shang4 wang2    Tingyou|廷優 ting2 you1
  Weigong|位宮 wei4 gong1  197-227   
     東川王|dong1 chuan1 wang2
  東襄王|dong1 xiang1 wang2  Youweiju|憂位居 you1 wei4 ju1
  Jiaozhi|郊彘 jiao1 zhi4  227-248   
     中川王|zhong1 chuan1 wang2
  中襄王|zhong1 xiang1 wang2  Ranfu|然弗 ran2 fu2    227-248   
     西川王|xi1 chuan1 wang2
  西襄王|xi1 xiang1 wang2  Yaolu|藥盧 yao42 lu2
  Rouyou|若友 rou4 you3  248-270   
     烽上王|feng1 shang4 wang2
  鴙葛王|zhi4 ge3 wang2  Xiangfu|相夫 xiang1 fu2
  Chashil|插矢婁 cha1 shi3 l3  292-300   
     美川王|mei3 chuan1 wang2
  好攘王|hao3 rang3 wang2  Yifu|乙弗 yi3 fu2
  Youfu|憂拂 you1 fu2  300-331   
     故國原王|gu4 guo2 yuan2 wang2
  國岡上王|guo2 gang1 shang4 wang2  Siyou|斯由 si1 you2
  Liu|劉 liu2  331-371   
     小獸林王|xiao3 shou4 lin2 wang2
  小解朱留王|xiao3 jie3 zhu1 liu2 wang2  Qiufu|丘夫 qiu1 fu1    371-384   
     故國攘王|gu4 guo2 rang2 wang2    Yilian|伊連 yi1 lian2
  Yuzhizhi|於只支 yu2 zhi3 zhi1  384-391   
     廣開土王|guang3 kai1 tu3 wang2    Tande|談德 tan2 de2
  An|安 an1  391-412

P'yŏngyang line

     
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
    Posthumous Names ( Shi Hao 諡號)   Personal Names   Period of Reigns   
     長壽王|chang2 shou4 wang2    Julian|巨連 ju4 lian2
  Gao Lian|高璉 gao1 lian2  412-491   
     文咨王|wen2 zi1 wang2
  文咨明王|wen2 zi1 ming2 wang2
 明治好王|ming2 zhi4 hao3 wang2  Luoyun|羅雲 luo2 yun2
  Gao Yun|高雲 gao1 yun2  491-519   
     安藏王|an1 zang4 wang2    Xingan|興安 xing1 an1
  Gao An|高安 gao1 an1  519-531   
     安原王|an1 yuan2 wang2    Baoting|寶廷 bao3 ting2
  Gao Ting|高廷 gao1 ting2  531-545   
     陽原王|yang2 yuan2 wang2
  陽崗上好王|yang2 gang1 shang4 hao3 wang2  Pingcheng|平成 ping2 cheng2    545-559   
     平原王|ping2 yuan2 wang2
  平崗上好王|ping2 gang1 shang4 hao3 wang2
 平崗上王|ping2 gang1 shang4 wang2
 狛鵠香岡上王|po4 ge2 xiang1 gang1 shang4 wang2  Yangcheng|陽成 yang2 cheng2
  Tang|湯 tang1
 Gao Yang|高陽 gao1 yang2  559-590   
     嬰陽王|ying1 yang2 wang2
  平陽王|ping2 yang2 wang2  Gao Yuan|高元 gao1 yuan2
  Dayuan|大元 da4 yuan2  590-618   
     建武王|jian4 wu3 wang2
  營留王|ying2 liu2 wang2  Gao Jianwu|高建武 gao1 jian4 wu3
  Cheng|成 cheng2
 Gao Wu|高武 gao1 wu3  618-642   
     寶藏王|bao3 zang4 wang2    Gao Zang|高藏 gao1 zang4
  Baozang|寶藏 bao3 zang4  642-668

Notes

The legendary line had already been formed with some variants in the early 5th century when King Changshou built a monument for his father and Goguryeo made contacts with Northern Wei.
The great king line with the following two kings was formed on the basis of Chinese documents like Houhanshu. It contains contradictions and mismatches.
The royal surname Go/Gao (高) seems to have been adopted in the early 5th century when King Guangkaitu was acknowledged as a member of the Northern Yan imperial family by Gao Yun (高雲 or Murong Yun 慕容雲), Emperor of Northern Yan, whose grandfather He (和) was in line of the Gaogouli royal family. According to Jinshu, Gao Yun took the surname Gao from Gaoyang (高陽氏 or Zhuan Xu, one of Sanhuangwudi) but it is doubtful. Later history books say that Go/Gao was named after the country name Goguryeo/Gaogouli.