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Diagnostic And Statistical Manual Of Mental DisordersThe Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, published by the American Psychiatric Association, is the handbook used most often in diagnosing mental disorders in the United States and other countries. While widely accepted among psychologists and psychiatrists, the manual has proved controversial in its listing of certain characteristics as mental disorders. The most notorious example is the listing in the DSM-II of homosexuality as a mental disorder; a classification that was removed by vote of the APA in 1973 (see also homosexuality and psychology). Users need to constantly be reminded that this is, to an extent, an historical document. The "science" used to create categories, taxonomies, and diagnoses is based on statistical models and are thus limited by these methodologies. Deconstructive critics point out that DMS actually "invents" illness and administering of behaviors. Brief history - The first edition (DSM-I) was published in 1952, and had about 60 different disorders.
- DSM-II was published in 1968.
- Both of these editions were strongly influenced by the psychodynamic approach. There was no sharp distinction between normal and abnormal, and all disorders were considered reactions to environmental events. Mental disorders existed on a continuum of behavior. This way, everyone is more or less abnormal. The people with more severe abnormalities have more severe difficulties with functioning.
- The early editions of the DSM distinguished between a psychosis and a neurosis. A psychosis is a severe mental disorder characterized by a break with reality. Psychoses typically involve hallucinations, delusions, and illogical thinking. A neurosis is a milder mental disorder characterized by distortions of reality, but not a complete break with reality. Neuroses typically involve anxiety and depression.
- In 1980, with DSM-III, the psychodynamic view was abandoned and the medical model became the primary approach, introducing a clear distinction between normal and abnormal. The DSM became "atheoretical", since it had no preferred etiology for mental disorders.
- In 1987 the DSM-III-R appeared as a revision of DSM-III.
- In 1994, it evolved into DSM-IV. This book is currently in its fourth edition.
- The most recent version is the 'Text Revision' of the DSM-IV, also known as the DSM-IV-TR, published in 2000.
- DSM-V, is not scheduled for publication until 2010. The APA Division of Research does not expect to begin forming DSM development workgroups until 2005 or later.
See also External links
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