Other Definitions
counterculture (dict)
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CountercultureIn sociology, counterculture is a term used to describe a cultural group whose values and norms are at odds with those of the social mainstream. In practice, the term is most commonly used to refer to the youth rebellion that swept North America and Western Europe in the 1960s. 1960s counterculture This movement was a reaction against the conservative social norms of the 1950s, the political conservativism (and perceived social repression) of the Cold War period, and the US government's extensive military intervention in Vietnam. Opposition to the war was exacerbated in the US by the compulsory military draft. The 1960s youth rebellion largely originated on college campuses, emerging directly out of the American Civil Rights Movement. The Free Speech Movement at the University of California at Berkeley was one early example, as a socially privileged group of students began to identify themselves as having interests as a class that were at odds with the interests and practices of the university and its corporate sponsors. As the sixties progressed, the Vietnam war became an increasingly high-profile object of criticism, and the sense of the younger generation as a class who wished to create a different society gained momentum. One manifestation of this was the general strike that took place in Paris in May of 1968, nearly toppling the French government. As criticism of the established social order became more widespread among the newly emergent youth class, new theories about culture and personal identity began to spread, and old, non-western ideas--particularly with regard to religion, social organization and spirtual enlightenment--were also embraced. New cultural forms that were perceived as opposed to the old emerged, including the pop music of the Beatles, which rapidly evolved to shape and reflect the youth culture's emphasis on change and experimentation. Underground newspapers sprang up in most cities and college towns, serving to define and communicate the range of phenomena that defined the counterculture: radical political opposition to "the establishment," colorful experimental (and often explicity drug-influenced) approaches to art, music and cinema, and uninhibited indulgence in sex and drugs as a symbol of freedom. The most visible radical element of this counterculture were the hippies, some of whom formed communes to live as far outside of the established system as possible. This aspect of the movement rejected active political engagement with the mainstream and, following the dictate of Timothy Leary to "tune in, turn on and drop out", attempted to change society by dropping out of it. A considerable impediment to the success of alternative movements growing within the counterculture was posed by its very nature. In "doing one's own thing," there is an inherent rejection of values imposed from without and an avoidance of expectation on the part of other people. This tends to isolate the individual, which may or may not be much of a problem for that individual - but it does threaten to abort or curtail collaborative action or accomplishment. Musical and other performing groups noticeably formed within the counterculture, but very many had a far shorter active existence than, say, the Grateful Dead. Since this ephmerality has long been the case in the performing arts, in itself it hasn't seemed like a noticeable failure. But not all attempts to "think outside the box" or blaze new trails were related to the arts. The countercultural years and efforts had their representatives in the sciences, the trades, business, and law, to name only several walks of life. The "counterculture" may or may not be something that an individual himself or herself identified with, even if that person was identified as an apparent member of it by someone observing it from the outside. Perhaps those people who were in fact successful in achieving something in cooperation with others (or who, as '60s individualists were able to find a niche and pursue some career) either never really identified themselves with the counterculture, or came to dis-identify with it over time. In any case, as members of the hippie movement grew older and moderated their views, the 1960s counterculture was absorbed by the mainstream, leaving a lasting impact on morality, lifestyle and fashion, and a legacy that is still actively contested - debates that are sometimes framed in the US in terms of a "culture war". See also See earlier countercultural manifestations External link
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