constitution of the united kingdom

The United Kingdom has an uncodified constitution, which means it is not all contained in a single document. There are several sources of the constitution, some being written down and some not. The notion that the Constitution of the United Kingdom is unwritten is not strictly correct.

Key principles

The key principles of the constitution are its underlying features. The two most important principles have existed for a very long time, since the creation of Parliament. They were identified by the constitutional lawyer, A.V. Dicey as the twin pillars of the constitution:

Parliamentary sovereignty (Parliament is the supreme law making body), and
Rule of law (everyone is equal before the law).

Other important principles are:

Unitary state (power lies at the centre),
Constitutional monarchy, and
European Union membership, the principle that EU law takes precedence over UK law. This principle was famously identified in the Factortame case in which the Merchant Shipping Act 1988 was overturned. This appears to undermine the principle of Parliamentary sovereignty, but Parliament could still withdraw from the EU by repealing the European Communities Act 1972, so in a way Parliamentary sovereignty is preserved.

Sources

There are several sources of the constitution. Not all of the sources are written down (for example, some are contained in conventions), but it is incorrect to say the UK has an "unwritten constitution" because much of it is written down. The main sources of the constitution are:

Acts of Parliament (written)
Conventions (unwritten)
Common Law (unwritten)
Royal Prerogative (unwritten)
EU law (written)
Treaties (written)
Works of authority (written)

Among the many key statutes or conventions are:

Magna Carta (1215)
Habeas Corpus Act 1679
Bill of Rights 1689
Act of Settlement 1701
Act of Union 1707, joining England & Scotland to form Great Britain
Act of Union 1800, joining Great Britain & Ireland to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
Reform Act of 1832
Reform Act of 1867
Reform Act of 1884
Parliament Acts (of 1911 and 1949)
Irish Free State (Agreement) Act, Irish Free State Constitution Act, and Irish Free State (Consequential Provisions) Act (all 1922) recognize the Irish Free State as no longer part of the United Kingdom
Statute of Westminster 1931
European Communities Act 1972
Human Rights Act 1998
Scotland Act 1998
Government of Wales Act 1998
House of Lords Act 1999
Constitutional Reform Act 2005
Numerous conventions, including:

... that, since the reign of Queen Anne, the monarch has not refused to grant the Royal Assent to Bills passed by Parliament.
... that the monarch will not dissolve Parliament without the advice of the Prime Minister.
... that the monarch will ask the leader of the dominant party in the House of Commons to form a government.
... that the monarch will ask a member of the House of Commons (rather than the House of Lords or someone outside parliament) to form a government.
... that all ministers be drawn from the House of Commons or the Lords.
... that the House of Lords will accept any legislation that was in the Government's manifesto (the 'Salisbury Convention').

Constitution Of The United Kingdom

Key principles

Sources

See also