bharat ratna

Bharat Ratna is India's highest civilian award.

The Bharat Ratna is India's supreme decoration and honor, awarded for the highest degrees of national service. This service includes artistic, literary, and scientific achievements, as well as "recognition of public service of the highest order." Unlike knights, holders of the Bharat Ratna carry no special title, but they do have a place in the order of precedence. The original specifications for the award called for a circular gold medal, 35 mm in diameter, with the sun and the Hindi legend "Bharat Ratna" above and a floral wreath below. The reverse was to carry the state emblem and motto. It was to be worn around the neck from a white ribbon. There is no indication that any specimens of this design were ever produced and one year later the design was altered. The original statutes of January 1954 did not make allowance for posthumous awards (and this perhaps explains why the decoration was never awarded to Mahatma Gandhi), though this provision was added in the January 1955 statute. Subsequently, there have been nine posthumous awards. While there was no formal provision that recipients of the Bharat Ratna should be Indian citizens, this seems to have been the general assumption. There has been one award to a naturalized Indian citizen — Agnes Gonxha Bojaxhiu, better known as Mother Teresa (1980); and two to non-Indians — Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan (1987) and Nelson Mandela (1990). There has been one instance of the award being withdrawn when in 1992, the award was posthumously given to Subhash Chandra Bose but withdrawn later.

Complete list of the Awardees

align="left" \| Name	align="left" \| Awarded
align="left" \| Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan (1888-1975)	align="left" \| 1954
align="left" \| Chakravarti Rajagopalachari (1878-1972)	align="left" \| 1954
align="left" \| Dr C.V. Raman (1888-1970)	align="left" \| 1954
align="left" \| Dr Bhagwan Das (1869-1958)	align="left" \| 1955
align="left" \| Dr Mokshagundam Visvesvarayya (1861-1962)	align="left" \| 1955
align="left" \| Jawaharlal Nehru (1889 -1964)	align="left" \| 1955
align="left" \| Govind Ballabh Pant (1887-1961)	align="left" \| 1957
align="left" \| Dr Dhondo Keshave Karve (1858-1962)	align="left" \| 1958
align="left" \| Dr B. C. Roy (1882-1962)	align="left" \| 1961
align="left" \| Purushottam Das Tandon (1882-1962)	align="left" \| 1961
align="left" \| Dr Rajendra Prasad (1884-1963)	align="left" \| 1962
align="left" \| Dr Zakir Hussain(1897-1969)	align="left" \| 1963
align="left" \| Dr Pandurang Vaman Kane (1880-1972)	align="left" \| 1963
align="left" \| Lal Bahadur Shastri (Posthumous) (1904-1966)	align="left" \| 1966
align="left" \| Indira Gandhi (1917-1984)	align="left" \| 1971
align="left" \| V.V. Giri (1894-1980)	align="left" \| 1975
align="left" \| K. Kamraj (Posthumous) (1903-1975)	align="left" \| 1976
align="left" \| Mary Taresa Bojaxhiu (Mother Teresa) (1910-1997)	align="left" \| 1980
align="left" \| Acharya Vinoba Bhave (Posthumous) (1895-1982)	align="left" \| 1983
align="left" \| Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan (1890-1988)	align="left" \| 1987
align="left" \| M.G. Ramachandran (Posthumous) (1917-1987)	align="left" \| 1988
align="left" \| Dr Bhim Rao Ramji Ambedkar (Posthumous) (1891-1956)	align="left" \| 1990
align="left" \| Dr Nelson Mandela (b 1918)	align="left" \| 1990
align="left" \| Rajiv Gandhi (Posthumous) (1944-1991)	align="left" \| 1991
align="left" \| Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel (Posthumous) (1875-1950)	align="left" \| 1991
align="left" \| Morarji Desai (1896-1995)	align="left" \| 1991
align="left" \| Maulana Abul Kalam Azad (Posthumous) (1888-1958)	align="left" \| 1992
align="left" \| J.R.D. Tata (1904-1993)	align="left" \| 1992
align="left" \| Satyajit Ray (1922-1992)	align="left" \| 1992
align="left" \| Subhash Chandra Bose (1897-1945) (later withdrawn)	align="left" \| 1992
align="left" \| A.P.J. Abdul Kalam (b 1931)	align="left" \| 1997
align="left" \| Gulzarilal Nanda (1898-1998)	align="left" \| 1997
align="left" \| Aruna Asaf Ali (Posthumous) (1906-1995)	align="left" \| 1997
align="left" \| M.S. Subbulakshmi (1916-2004)	align="left" \| 1998
align="left" \| C Subramaniam (1910-2000)	align="left" \| 1998
align="left" \| Jayaprakash Narayan (1902-1979)	align="left" \| 1998
align="left" \| Ravi Shankar (b 1920)	align="left" \| 1999
align="left" \| Amartya Sen (b 1933)	align="left" \| 1999
align="left" \| Gopinath Bordoloi (b 1927)	align="left" \| 1999
align="left" \| Lata Mangeshkar (b 1929)	align="left" \| 2001
align="left" \| Bismillah Khan (b 1916)	align="left" \| 2001

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